This article explores how national policies aimed at promoting food self-sufficiency can also support agroecological transitions, using Mexico as a case study. Mexico’s recent agricultural priorities have shifted towards rainfed smallholders, aligning food self-sufficiency goals with agroecological principles. However, funding for conventional agriculture, including a program delivering free chemical fertilizers to smallholders, remains significant.

Through institutional analysis, the study examines how a state-wide farmer-led oversight campaign advocating for sustainable agriculture influenced the program. Community-based policy monitoring and multi-level advocacy not only increased program transparency and reduced corruption but also expanded access for farmers. Importantly, these efforts highlighted the need for biofertilizer options and investments in soil health, pushing the conversation toward more sustainable agricultural practices.