The purpose of this report is to contribute to a greater understanding of the roles women and men play in the different stages of agriculture as well as other production and income-generating activities. Little research exists on gender roles within Afghanistan and the focus of much research and most programming is still the “household.” This focus often obscures intra-household gender relations and roles — crucial factors in determining access to, and control over, livelihood opportunities. As a result, not enough is known of the extent to which different men and women are able to access different livelihood opportunities, or the extent to which programmes may impact on women and men differently. A better understanding would assist programme targeting and could be used not only in programme design but also in monitoring and evaluation.