The Spanish NRN promotes the revitalisation of transhumance, a practice that is crucial to the preservation of Spain’s natural and cultural heritage, which after decades of decline and neglect is now designing its future in the ‘White Book on Transhumance’. As a result of the physical makeup of Spain, Europe’s second most mountainous country, with its tall mountains surrounding expansive, arid plateaus and the Mediterranean climate’s dry, sweltering summers, we can trace transhumance all the way back to the beginnings of livestock domestication. Thus, all throughout the Spanish countryside, when the heat begins to dry out the pastures of the valleys and the plateaus, herders and their flocks travel hundreds of kilometres to take advantage of the green grazing land in the mountains until the snow turns them back towards the lands to the south. So humans adapted to the rhythms of nature in search of otherwise under-utilised natural resources, creating a landscape and culture whose importance in the preservation of European biodiversity is now being recognised.