Tajikistan is one of the centers of wheat diversity in Central Asia. From the beginning of the 1870s, a series of expeditions were conducted in Central Asia by Russian scientists to collect wheat landraces. Since that time, many landraces and, more recently, commercial wheat cultivars have been collected and used in many breeding programs as parental material for crossing. With the release and cultivation of modern production-intensive winter wheat cultivars from Russian breeders under irrigated conditions of Tajikistan, the sowing area devoted to local varieties and landraces has decreased dramatically. However, some wheat landraces have been cultivated for a long time and there is still a high probability that landrace populations characterized by good nutritional and bread-making qualities can be collected. In addition to the landraces themselves, breeders can benefit from the invaluable experience of many generations of earlier breeders and information from studying the history of landrace cultivation. Study is needed to determine the extent of the areas in Tajikistan where these landraces are still grown, why they are grown, and what are their main characteristics.