Currently, about half of the world population lives in urban area. Even though the proportion of world population living in the rural areas dwindles over the year, amidst world population increase many people will continue to live in the rural areas. Urban migration caused by rapid economic developments can affect the cultural and social binding of local community which forms and maintains traditional forest-related knowledge (TFRK). In this fast changing environment, each community has been confronted with the worldwide common problem of global warming, as well as local level factor of human disturbances. Most of, if not all, the Ecosystem Services, can be evaluated at local level. This evaluation process can provide a better understanding of the traditional forest-related knowledge, especially those related to Ecosystem Services of the forests. Understanding the changes of Ecosystem Services as perceived by the local communities could provide valuable insights contributing to establishing sound and long-term sustainable forest management strategies and policies. Countries in the Asia Pacific region, especially in the subregion of Southeast Asia (SEA), have very diverse types of forests, which have been providing various different types of Ecosystem Services. It is a challenge to understand and properly document the Ecosystem Services at local, regional and global levels. Likewise, there are many indigenous groups that have been residing in the region ever since time immemorial with diverse culture and rich traditional knowledge.