Eritrea is a small developing nation in the Horn of Africa with total area 124,320 Km2 and has a population of about 6 million. Eritrea is situated in a strategically important part of the Red Sea.Eritrea has an extensive 2,234km coastline, 1,151km of it coming from its mainland and 1,083km coming from its 356 islands on the Red Sea, which is the 6th longest coastline in Africa (Denison and Paice, 2007). Most of the coastline is gradually sloping beaches and shallow bays with thickets of mangroves along the water’s edge – and hence, a perfect environment for fish farming (Wallace and McKeehan, 2006). Aquaculture in Eritrea, if properly developed and managed could be a reliable source of food security as is the case in many developing countries. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to review the sustainable aquaculture development in Eritrea and its role in food security and economic growth: trends and prospects.