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The objective of this study is twofold: (i) To broaden the understanding of how including a landscape-based approach to forest, forest-based products supply chains, and downstream industries into a broadened REDD+ architecture could help mitigate climate change mitigation outcomes; and (ii) to develop a private sector engagement strategy for enhanced private sector investment in REDD+ sustainable forest value chain and landscape restoration efforts. The study examines six countries in detail: Ethiopia, Columbia, Mexico, Mozambique, Peru and Vietnam.

Reforestation measures for degraded lands, strategies for the sustainable management of forest resources, and agroforestry practices that incorporate trees into farming systems are increasingly demonstrating their promise for producing commercialized tree products. Although the level of investment so far has remained modest, the challenge is to find ways to scale up promising investments in a way that will have a clear impact at the landscape level. These types of investments can help achieve the triple wins of climate-smart agriculture: increased incomes and yields, climate change adaptation and greenhouse gas mitigation.Market trends are promising for a wide range of tree-based technologies, including tropical fruits, cashews, honey, timber and wood products, lipids, gums and resins, tree crops, and agroforestry systems. In many cases, African entrepreneurs, farmers, civil society, and governments have responded dynamically to the widespread challenge of land degradation. The continent is dotted with landscapes where production of trees on farms and in managed forests has grown dramatically to meet market and subsistence needs; sustainable agricultural practices and revegetation have restored soils and watersheds; and key conservation areas are being protected. However, this is not happening at the scale required by societal needs in Africa. In part, this is due to a lack of strategic cooperation and coordination between private sector investors and land managers (who are focused on realizing profitable opportunities and meeting their own needs) and public and civil society actors (who are focused on restoring forest cover and ecosystem services). Such coordination is only possible when the biophysical potential for landscape restoration, private sector investment opportunity and incentives, and societal demand for multiple benefits converge. Much can be learned from examples of large-scale landscape restoration in Ethiopia, Kenya, Niger, Tanzania, and Zambia, and the variable roles of the private sector, farmers, government, and civil society in supporting and undertaking investment.

Forests are lost because conservation and sustainable management is less profitable then deforestration, at least in the short-term. Payments for environmental services - such as watershed management, carbon storage, and biodiversity conservation - can alter this equation and make standing forests more profitable. Various mechanisms to generate payments for such services are emerging, from public payment systems to user rights and new trading shemes. Several cases of practical experience with payments for environmental services now exist and provide insights as to how such markets might function.

How can environmental degradation be stopped? How can it be reversed? And how can the damage already done be repaired? The authors of this volume argue that a two-pronged approach is needed: reducing demand for ecosystem goods and services and better management of them, coupled with an increase in supply through environmental restoration. Restoring Natural Capital brings together economists and ecologists, theoreticians, practitioners, policy makers, and scientists from the developed and developing worlds to consider the costs and benefits of repairing ecosystem goods and services in natural and socioecological systems. It examines the business and practice of restoring natural capital, and seeks to establish common ground between economists and ecologists with respect to the restoration of degraded ecosystems and landscapes and the still broader task of restoring natural capital. The book focuses on developing strategies that can achieve the best outcomes in the shortest amount of time as it: • considers conceptual and theoretical issues from both an economic and ecological perspective • examines specific strategies to foster the restoration of natural capital and offers a synthesis and a vision of the way forward Nineteen case studies from around the world illustrate challenges and achievements in setting targets, refining approaches to finding and implementing restoration projects, and using restoration of natural capital as an economic opportunity. Throughout, contributors make the case that the restoration of natural capital requires close collaboration among scientists from across disciplines as well as local people, and when successfully executed represents a practical, realistic, and essential tool for achieving lasting sustainable development.

Businesses have a huge role to play in how we manage, safeguard and invest in our natural capital. TEEB in Business and Enterprise provides important evidence of growing corporate concern about biodiversity loss, and offers examples of how leading companies are taking action to conserve biodiversity and restore ecosystems. As TEEB moves into the implementation phase, governments have also shown a keen interest in undertaking TEEB for Business. TEEB for Business studies, at the national level, inform public policies, particularly as they relate to important economic sectors of the country. Specifically, a TEEB for Business project examines economic sectors at strategic or operational levels, identifying both risks and opportunities that biodiversity and ecosystem services pose to that particular sector. The output of a TEEB for Business study would be recommendations (in public policies or business standards) that would help government and businesses address these risks and opportunities. Several countries have initiated “TEEB for business” projects at the national level, including Brazil, Germany, and The Netherlands.