Antimicrobial Resistance Updates in Agrifood Systems
Summary of publicly available scientific findings, 01/01/2025 - 30/06/2025
Situation in animal and zoonotic bacterial pathogens
1. Section - Livestock and other terrestrial animals
1. Section - Livestock and other terrestrial animals
Region | Country | Host / Source (n) | Evidence category | Key findings (as reported) | References |
Americas | Canada | E. casseliflavus from beef cows/calves | Epidemiology | lincomycin (99% [328/331]), quinupristin–dalfopristin (34% [114/331]), ciprofloxacin (9.6% [32/331]), tylosin (4.5% [15/331]), erythromycin (2.7% [9/331]), tetracycline (1.8% [6/331]); overall MDR ~12% (40/331). | 1 |
Americas | Canada | Bovine respiratory pathogens in feedlot cattle (n=1392) | Epidemiology | Pasteurella multocida 27.4% (MDR 21%), resistant to fluoroquinolones; Histophilus somni 9% (MDR 3%), resistant to tetracyclines and macrolides; Mannheimia haemolytica 8.5% (MDR 2%), resistant to macrolide. | 2 |
Americas | Canada | E. casseliflavus isolates | Resistance genes & mechanisms | vanC-type genes detected | 1 |
Asia & Pacific | Korea | Non-aureus Staphylococci in poultry slaughterhouses (n=100) | Epidemiology | Staphylococcus simulans (49%), S. agnetis (16% [16/100]); erythromycin (66%), clindamycin (62%), fluoroquinolone (34%); MDR ~67%. | 3 |
Asia & Pacific | Korea | Non-aureus Staphylococci isolates (n=100) | Resistance genes & mechanisms | mecA detected (15/100) | 3 |
2. Section - Aquatic animals
2. Section - Aquatic animals
Region | Country | Host / Source (n) | Evidence category | Key findings (as reported) | References |
Europe & Central Asia | Italy (Adriatic Sea) | Loggerhead turtle isolates (n=36) | Epidemiology | 36 resistant isolates (Enterococcus, Aeromonas, Citrobacter, E. coli, Pseudomonas, Vibrio, etc.); aminoglycosides (22/36), β-lactams (24/36), cephalosporins (13/36–15/36), sulfonamides (29/36), tetracyclines (23/36); MDR ~97%. | 4 |
Europe & Central Asia | Türkiye (Marmara Sea) | Seawater/mucilage | Epidemiology | E. coli (n=13): resistant to tigecycline, cefazolin, cefuroxime; some resistant to penicillins and fluoroquinolones. Clostridium perfringens also detected with resistance in same environment. | 5 |
Europe & Central Asia | Türkiye (Marmara Sea) | E. coli | Resistance genes & mechanisms | carried aph, aad, mph, qacE, sul1/2, tet(A/B), dfrA17; one isolate co-carrying blaCTX-M-15 and blaTEM-1. Clostridium perfringens isolates are mostly susceptible, but carry tetA(P), tetB(P), efflux genes. | 5 |
Situation in foodborne bacterial pathogens
1. Section - Campylobacter spp
1. Section - Campylobacter spp
Region | Country | Host / Source (n) | Evidence category | Key findings (as reported) | References |
Americas | USA | Swine (n=1043) | Epidemiology | Campylobacter spp. prevalence 31%; tetracycline resistance (89% [282/316]), ciprofloxacin (45%[141/316]); MDR ~35% (110/316). | 6 |
Americas | USA | Swine | Resistance genes & mechanisms | Campylobacter isolates: tet(O) and gyrA point mutations detected | 6 |
Asia & Pacific | Bangladesh | Chickens isolates (n=34) | Epidemiology | streptomycin & clindamycin 97.1%, ampicillin & tetracycline 94.1%, erythromycin 91.2%, and ciprofloxacin, 88.3%; MDR ~97%. | 7 |
Asia & Pacific | Korea | Livestock isolates (n=88) | Epidemiology | nalidixic acid (62/88), ciprofloxacin (54/88), tetracycline (44/88). | 8 |
Asia & Pacific | Thailand | Humans & animals | Epidemiology | quinolones (75–95% humans, 72–89% chickens). Rising ciprofloxacin/nalidixic acid resistance. | 9 |
Asia & Pacific | Bangladesh | Chickens isolates (n=34) | Resistance genes & mechanisms | carried qnrS, qnrB, qnrA genes. | 7 |
Asia & Pacific | Korea | Livestock isolates (n=88) | Resistance genes & mechanisms | blaOXA family detected | 8 |
Asia & Pacific | Thailand | Isolates from humans and animals | Resistance genes & mechanisms | carried gyrA mutations and tet(O). | 9 |
Europe & Central Asia | Ireland | Chicken, beef, pork, sheep | Epidemiology | Campylobacter prevalence high in chicken and sheep liver. | 10 |
Europe & Central Asia | Ireland | Campylobacter from chicken, beef, pork, sheep | Resistance genes & mechanisms | carried blaOXA variants, tet(O), aadE-Cc, gyrA mutations. | 10 |
Sub-Saharan Africa | Rwanda | Humans isolates (n=27) | Epidemiology | streptomycin (85% [23/27]), erythromycin (67% [18/27]), ciprofloxacin (37% [10/27]); MDR ~67% (18/27). | 11 |
Sub-Saharan Africa | Uganda | Broiler chicken (11 C. coli and 25 C. jejuni isolates) | Epidemiology | tetracycline (81.8% in C. coli and 100% in C. jejuni), ciprofloxacin (72.7% in C. coli and 88% in C. jejuni), erythromycin (28% in C. jejuni and 72.7% in C. coli); MDR in 32% (C. jejuni) and 45% (C. coli). | 12 |
Global / cross-regional | Global | Global Campylobacter jejuni data | Resistance genes & mechanisms | Tet(O) is widespread in Asia (70% [284/405]), lower in Europe (23% [73/318]); gyrA and efflux mutations important; Europe has unique blaOXA-446. | 13 |
2. Section - Pathogenic Escherichia coli (EHEC, EPEC, ETEC, etc.)
2. Section - Pathogenic Escherichia coli (EHEC, EPEC, ETEC, etc.)
Region | Country | Host / Source (n) | Evidence category | Key findings (as reported) | References |
Asia & Pacific | China | Swine ETEC isolates (n=24) | Epidemiology | >70% resistant to aminoglycosides, florfenicol, multiple other classes; MDR ~96%. | 14 |
Asia & Pacific | China | Swine ETEC isolates | Resistance genes & mechanisms | with oqxB, aac(3), aadA, dfrA, blaACT, sul3. | 14 |
Sub-Saharan Africa | Ethiopia | Human, cattle and environment (n=198) | Epidemiology | ETEC (32% [64/198]) and STEC (15% [30/198]); resistant to ampicillin (66% [117/176]), gentamicin (57% [101/176]), and tetracycline (40% [70/176]); MDR ~20% (36/176). | 15 |
Sub-Saharan Africa | Kenya | Children, livestock and food | Epidemiology | diarrheagenic E. coli resistant to TMP-SMX (53% [146/274]), ampicillin (48% [133/274]), and tetracycline (41% [114/274]); MDR ~31% (84/274). | 16 |
3. Section - Salmonella spp.
3. Section - <i> Salmonella</i> spp.
Region | Country | Host / Source (n) | Evidence category | Key findings (as reported) | References |
Americas | Canada | Poultry | Epidemiology | S. Kentucky (n=269) and S. Heidelberg (n=1364) are resistant to cephalosporins (91% and 99%). | 17 |
Americas | USA | Livestock and humans (chicken n=3027; turkey n=161; swine n=361) | Epidemiology | resistance in poultry and turkeys (70–93% to tetracycline, nalidixic acid and sulfonamides ); humans show low resistance; poultry MDR (83–93%), swine MDR (6%). | 18 |
Americas | USA | Dogs and bovine | Epidemiology | Zoonotic overlap in strains; S. Dublin prevalence 90% (1196/1337)); MDR genes carriage. | 19–20 |
Asia & Pacific | Bangladesh | Wild rodents & shrews (n=135) | Epidemiology | ampicillin 100%, doxycycline 100%, sulfonamides 94%, nalidixic acid 88%, azithromycin 85.9%; MDR ~39% (135/350). | 21 |
Asia & Pacific | Cambodia | Poultry & swine | Epidemiology | resistant to β-lactams, tetracyclines, and sulfonamides (73.81% to 100%, n=42); MDR in poultry (21/23) and swine (10/19). | 22 |
Asia & Pacific | Korea | Poultry & retail meat | Epidemiology | prevalence 244/300; resistant to nalidixic acid (68% [166/244]), tetracycline (54.9% [134/244]), and streptomycin (54.5% [133/224]); MDR 58.2% (142/244). | 23 |
Asia & Pacific | Iran | Chickens | Epidemiology | MDR S. Kentucky with ciprofloxacin resistance. | 24 |
Asia & Pacific | Thailand | Human–macaque–environment interface | Epidemiology | prevalence 2.9% (9/313); resistance to tetracycline & ampicillin (7/9), ampicillin (6/9); MDR ~86% (6/7) in environmental isolates. | 25 |
Asia & Pacific | Australia | Poultry chain | Resistance genes & mechanisms | S. Typhimurium with blaTEM-1 (5% [48/959]) and IncFIB/FII plasmids detected. | 26 |
Asia & Pacific | Korea | Isolates from poultry & retail meat | Resistance genes & mechanisms | with blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCTX-M, blaOXA and IncFIB plasmids detected. | 23 |
Asia & Pacific | Iran | Chicken | Resistance genes & mechanisms | MDR S. Kentucky; with aac(6′)-Iaa genes (n=8). | 24 |
Europe & Central Asia | Spain | Humans & animals | Epidemiology | S. Enteritidis resistant to quinolones, colistin, β-lactams; MDR ~5% (n=298). | 27 |
Europe & Central Asia | Spain | S. Enteritidis | Resistance genes & mechanisms | carried blaSHV, blaTEM, blaCTX-M; plasmids IncFIB/FII. | 27 |
Global / cross-regional | Global | Global Salmonella Schwarzengrund data | Resistance genes & mechanisms | 62% (1269/2056) carried AMR genes (aph(3″)-Ib, tet(A), sul2). Over half with plasmids (IncFIB/FIC, IncI1, IncHI2). | 28 |
4. Section - Other bacterial species responsible for foodborne infections
4. Section - Other bacterial species responsible for foodborne infections
Region | Country | Host / Source (n) | Evidence category | Key findings (as reported) | References |
Americas | USA | Animal food | Epidemiology | Feed samples with Pantoea, Enterobacter, and Klebsiella. | 29 |
Americas | USA | Pantoea, Enterobacter, Klebsiella isolates | Resistance genes & mechanisms | blaCMY, qnrE2, fosAB genes found | 29 |
Asia & Pacific | China | Milk from Xinjiang | Epidemiology | K. pneumoniae resistant to tetracycline, cephalosporins, sulfonamides. | 30 |
Asia & Pacific | India | Foods and environment | Epidemiology | wide range of enteric pathogens (EPEC, EAEC, ETEC, Salmonella, Shigella, S. aureus); resistant to cephalosporins, azithromycin and fluoroquinolones. | 31 |
Asia & Pacific | Vietnam | Humans and swine | Epidemiology | carriage of carbapenem- and cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacterales. | 32–33 |
Asia & Pacific | China | K. pneumoniae | Resistance genes & mechanisms | with blaSHV, oqxA/B, fosA genes detected. | 30 |
Europe & Central Asia | Norway | Humans, animals and marine | Epidemiology | Klebsiella pneumoniae complex with low ESBL prevalence. | 34 |
Europe & Central Asia | Italy Aosta | Valley Milk | Epidemiology | S. aureus resistant to penicillins, cephalosporins; MDR ~6% (5/82). | 35 |
Europe & Central Asia | Italy | Poultry chain | Resistance genes & mechanisms | Enteric bacteria with qnrS, blaCMY-2, oqxA. | 36 |
Europe & Central Asia | Türkiye | Mussels | Resistance genes & mechanisms | Multiple Vibrio species with blaCARB-42 and efflux genes. | 37 |
Situation in priority multi drug resistant bacterial species
1. Section - ESBL-producing Escherichia coli
1. Section - ESBL-producing <i>Escherichia coli</i>
Region | Country | Host / Source (n) | Evidence category | Key findings (as reported) | References |
Americas | USA | Veal production environments | Epidemiology | Prevalence 4/679; MDR persists in farming environments. | 38 |
Americas | USA | ESBL-producing E. coli from veal environments | Resistance genes & mechanisms | blaTEM-1B (4/4) and blaCTX-M-55 (2/4). | 38 |
Asia & Pacific | China | Poultry | Epidemiology | Prevalence reported as 158. | 39 |
Asia & Pacific | China | Poultry isolates | Resistance genes & mechanisms | blaCTX-M (80/158), blaTEM (110/158), blaOXA (31/158), blaCMY-2 (5/158) and blaSHV (1/158). | 39 |
Asia & Pacific | China | Cattle | Epidemiology | Prevalence reported as 2. | 40 |
Asia & Pacific | China | Cattle isolates | Resistance genes & mechanisms | blaCTX-M (1/2) and blaTEM (1/2). | 40 |
Asia & Pacific | China | Pigs | Epidemiology | Prevalence 123/142. | 41 |
Asia & Pacific | Bangladesh | Poultry | Epidemiology | Prevalence 199/242. | 42 |
Asia & Pacific | Bangladesh | Poultry isolates | Resistance genes & mechanisms | blaTEM (199/242). | 42 |
Asia & Pacific | Bangladesh | Seafood | Epidemiology | Prevalence 8/43. | 43 |
Asia & Pacific | Bangladesh | Seafood isolates | Resistance genes & mechanisms | blaTEM (6/8) and blaSHV (7/8). | 43 |
Asia & Pacific | Bangladesh | Poultry | Epidemiology | Prevalence 20/60. | 44 |
Asia & Pacific | Bangladesh | Poultry isolates | Resistance genes & mechanisms | blaCTX-M variants, including CTX-M-15 (10/20), CTX-M-55 (6/20) and CTX-M-27 (5/20). | 44 |
Asia & Pacific | Bangladesh | Environmental samples | Epidemiology | Prevalence 18/30. | 45 |
Asia & Pacific | Bangladesh | Environmental isolates | Resistance genes & mechanisms | blaTEM (10/18). | 45 |
Asia & Pacific | India | Raw milk | Epidemiology | Included in the source's reported prevalence range (18.2%–82.23%); a country-specific count was not stated. | 46 |
Asia & Pacific | Thailand | Raw meat-based pet food | Epidemiology | Prevalence 40/50. | 47 |
Asia & Pacific | Malaysia | Retail chicken meat | Epidemiology | Prevalence 74/100. | 48 |
Asia & Pacific | Malaysia | Retail chicken meat isolates | Resistance genes & mechanisms | blaTEM (5/74) and blaSHV (2/74). | 48 |
Asia & Pacific | Cambodia | Human and livestock sources | Epidemiology | Prevalence 108/592. | 49 |
Asia & Pacific | Cambodia | Human and livestock isolates | Resistance genes & mechanisms | blaCTX-M variants, including CTX-M-15 (10/108), CTX-M-55 (32/108), CTX-M-27 (31/108) and CTX-M-14 (17/108). | 49 |
Europe & Central Asia | Poland | Duck farms | Epidemiology | Prevalence 45/57. | 50 |
Europe & Central Asia | Poland | Duck farm isolates | Resistance genes & mechanisms | Multiple blaCTX-M lineages (43/45), including CTX-M-15 (12/45), CTX-M-27 (11/45), CTX-M-1 (9/45) and CTX-M-55 (5/45); blaSHV-12 (2/45) and blaTEM-1B (20/45). | 50 |
Europe & Central Asia | Italy | Humans, food, livestock and wildlife | Epidemiology | Prevalence 135/956. | 51 |
Europe & Central Asia | Italy | Human, food, livestock and wildlife isolates | Resistance genes & mechanisms | Multiple blaCTX-M lineages (30/120), including CTX-M-15 (29/120) and CTX-M-1 (30/120); blaSHV-12 (30/120). | 51 |
Europe & Central Asia | Türkiye | Marmara Sea isolates | Epidemiology | Prevalence reported as 13. | 5 |
Europe & Central Asia | Türkiye | Marmara Sea isolates | Resistance genes & mechanisms | blaCTX-M-15 (1/13). | 5 |
N. Africa & Near East | Lebanon | Cattle, humans and chickens | Epidemiology | Prevalence 37/62. | 52 |
N. Africa & Near East | Lebanon | Cattle, human and chicken isolates | Resistance genes & mechanisms | blaCTX-M-15 (27/37) and blaTEM (14/37); IncF plasmids were frequently detected. | 52 |
N. Africa & Near East | Egypt | Human–chicken interface | Epidemiology | Prevalence 17/29. | 53 |
Sub-Saharan Africa | South Africa | Pig production chain | Epidemiology | Prevalence 15/417. | 54 |
Sub-Saharan Africa | South Africa | Pig production chain isolates | Resistance genes & mechanisms | blaTEM (12/15). | 54 |
Sub-Saharan Africa | Nigeria | Human–animal–environment interface | Epidemiology | Prevalence 81/448. | 55 |
Sub-Saharan Africa | Nigeria | Human, animal and environmental isolates | Resistance genes & mechanisms | blaCTX-M-15 (72/81). | 55 |
Sub-Saharan Africa | Uganda | Poultry | Epidemiology | Prevalence 57/216. | 56 |
Sub-Saharan Africa | Uganda | Poultry isolates | Resistance genes & mechanisms | blaTEM (42/57). | 56 |
2. Section - Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE)
2. Section - Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE)
Region | Country | Host / Source (n) | Evidence category | Key findings (as reported) | References |
Asia & Pacific | Bangladesh | Companion animals and hospital environments | Resistance genes & mechanisms | blaNDM-1 (30/120) and blaNDM-5 (44/120). | 57 |
Asia & Pacific | China | Pigs | Resistance genes & mechanisms | blaNDM-5 (2/51); Plasmids include IncX, IncFIB | 58 |
Asia & Pacific | Pakistan | Fish and poultry | Resistance genes & mechanisms | blaNDM-1 (11/66 and 5/70 respectively). | 59 |
Asia & Pacific | Sri Lanka | Enterobacter cloacae isolates | Resistance genes & mechanisms | carrying blaCTX-M-15, blaTEM-1, blaNDM-4 (3/4), blaNDM-15 (1/4). | 60 |
Europe & Central Asia | Spain | Isolates (n=6222) | Resistance genes & mechanisms | presence of blaNDM (45/892), blaVIM (66/892), blaKPC (13/892). | 61 |
Sub-Saharan Africa | Cameroon | Enterobacteriaceae isolates | Resistance genes & mechanisms | Enterobacteriaceae with blaNDM (5/45). | 62 |
3. Section - ESBL-Kp & CRKP (Klebsiella pneumoniae)
3. Section - ESBL-Kp & CRKP (<i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i>)
Region | Country | Host / Source (n) | Evidence category | Key findings (as reported) | References |
Asia & Pacific | Bangladesh | Cattle farm environments | Resistance genes & mechanisms | blaCTX-M (8/32), blaNDM-5 (7/32), blaOXA-1 (5/32), blaOXA-48 (5/32). | 63 |
Asia & Pacific | China | Mastitis milk samples | Resistance genes & mechanisms | blaTEM (19/108), blaSHV (28/108), blaCTX-M (10/108), blaOXA (16/108), blaNDM-5 (6/108), often carried on IncFII and complex plasmids. | 64 |
4. Section - Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
4. Section - Methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA)
Region | Country | Host / Source (n) | Evidence category | Key findings (as reported) | References |
Asia & Pacific | China | Milk | Epidemiology | MRSA (22 mecA detected in 214 isolates). | 65 |
Europe & Central Asia | Belgium | Cats and dogs | Epidemiology | mecA (35/36 in dogs, 27/28 in cats). | 66 |
Europe & Central Asia | Finland | Humans | Epidemiology | MRSA (983 new cases from 2007 to 2016). | 67 |
Europe & Central Asia | Italy | Dairy farms | Epidemiology | MRSA and other methicillin-resistant staphylococci in bulk milk (9/11). | 68 |
Europe & Central Asia | Netherlands | Livestock, farm dust, retail meat, and farmers | Epidemiology | widespread MRSA (mecA 261/262 in animals & 17/17 in humans & 148/148 in meats). | 69 |
Sub-Saharan Africa | Uganda | Goats and slaughterhouse workers | Epidemiology | MRSA (18/163 & 5/42). | 70 |
Situation in other bacterial species and/or resistant genes
Other bacterial species and resistant genes
Other bacterial species and resistant genes
Region | Country | Host / Source (n) | Evidence category | Key findings (as reported) | References |
N. Africa & Near East | Israel | Wild jackals | Resistance genes & mechanisms | High carriage of blaTEM and blaCTX-M-15. | 71 |
Europe & Central Asia | Netherlands | Farm-reared insects | Resistance genes & mechanisms | Klebsiella pneumoniae with blaSHV variants. | 72 |
References
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