全球粮食安全与营养论坛 (FSN论坛)

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2016-2025联合国营养行动十年:今后五年优先营养行动

2016年4月联合国大会第70/259号决议 宣布设立2016-2025联合国营养行动十年(营养十年),这是在2014年11月举办的第二届国际营养大会 (ICN2)和《2030年可持续发展议程》的法规框架下设立的。营养十年统筹各国和所有利益相关者的现有努力,在六个相互关联的行动领域开展行动,这些行动领域是根据第二届国际营养大会《营养问题罗马宣言》的承诺及其《行动框架》中包含的建议而确定的:

  1. 通过可持续和具有复原力的粮食体系促进健康膳食。
  2. 能提供全民覆盖必需营养行动的统筹卫生体系。
  3. 社会保护和营养教育。
  4. 通过贸易和投资改善营养。
  5. 为各年龄段人口提供安全和有利的营养环境。
  6. 强化营养问题治理和问责。

作为“营养十年”中期评审的一部分,联合国粮食及农业组织(粮农组织)/世界卫生组织(世卫组织)“营养十年”联合秘书处对2016-2020年期间的工作进展进行了评审并提出了2021-2025年期间的工作计划,该计划是通过与各利益相关者团体的非正式对话过程得出的并在一份前瞻文件中进行了介绍。

“营养十年”力求争取政府最高层对带领所有有关利益相关者采取紧迫、持续和一致的营养行动的承诺。联合国营养署秘书处邀请利益相关者和大众围绕在“营养十年”计划今后五年中上述所有六项行动领域优先行动的拟议重点领域1 发表宝贵意见。

通过粮食安全与营养论坛征询反馈意见的这一过程由相辅相成的两部分组成:以联合国六种语言开展的在线磋商以及以英语进行的简短在线调查。在线磋商为利益相关者提供了围绕各项优先行动探讨观点和提出建议的机会,分享他们关于今后五年应采取何种行动推动消除所有形式营养不良的意见。在线调查则主要着眼以结构性方式收集有关这一议题的数据。调查大约用时10分钟。我们邀请各位参加这两项活动,或挑选较有利于分享你最相关意见和专知的其中一项活动。

在线调查可点击此处参加。

若大家希望参加在线磋商,我们欢迎各位针对(但不限于)以下问题提供意见和见解:

  • 展望未来,为切实推动营养事业并为消除所有形式营养不良做出贡献,在六大行动领域中各利益相关者应当着重开展的三项最优先行动是哪些?
  • 下表为初步拟定的优先重点领域。请指出是否有重要缺项。请注意在线调查围绕优先重点领域提出了更具体的问题。
  • 有哪些重要跨领域行动能够促进各行动领域之间的相互联系并凝聚合力?
  • 你认为可能阻碍实现全球营养目标的三个最重要的新问题和/或趋势是什么?你认为应采取何种行动予以应对?

各位在在线磋商提出的意见建议以及在线调查结果将由联合国营养署和“营养十年”秘书处加以汇编和分析。结果将供“营养十年”今后五年参考。有关意见建议的概要将在粮食安全与营养论坛和UNNutrition.org网站上对公众发布并可能在官方报告机制中(例如联合国营养署有关报告)中加以考量。

在线调查和在线磋商截止日期为2021年6月14日。

我们提前感谢大家拨冗分享反馈意见。各位的意见建议对于为“营养十年”今后五年制定有效行动方案、从而应对所有形式营养不良和不让任何人掉队将发挥十分重要的作用。

Stineke Oenema

联合国营养署执行干事

 

“营养十年”今后五年拟议初步优先重点 2

行动领域 1:通过可持续和具有复原力的粮食体系促进健康膳食
  • 推广在粮食和农业政策中更多包含营养目标: 因地制宜提高水果和蔬菜生产供应国内消费,增加豆类生产促进健康饮食;提高油料生产,帮助消除食物供应中工业方式生产的反式脂肪。
  • 加速食品再制: 为加工食品降钠水平基准提供参照区间。
  • 加快强化食品监控体系: 实施国家计划,监测人类食源性疾病以及食物链中食源性危害的状况。
行动领域 2: 能提供全民覆盖必需营养行动的统筹卫生体系
  • 推广在卫生体系中整合营养行动: 在国家全民健康覆盖计划中整合基本营养行动。
  • 解决资金缺口: 在全民健康覆盖计划中增加对营养的投资,包括用于建设统筹数据系统对基本营养行动的覆盖情况和质量进行追踪。
  • 加快推进减少消瘦的进度: 实施《联合国儿童消瘦全球行动计划》及其路线图。
行动领域 3: 社会保护和营养教育
  • 推广实施营养敏感型社会保护政策: 确保社会保护与诸如农业生产、生计多元化和地方经济发展等领域的其他行业计划之间的统筹协调;全国帮扶性食物银行计划每周向用户发放代金券用于从当地农民手中购买新鲜水果和蔬菜。
  • 更好地发挥学校作为粮食与营养教育及促进健康饮食的平台的作用: 为学校供膳制定和改进营养标准。
  • 加快构建营养能力: 增加营养问题专业人员的数量和质量;对卫生保健从业人员进行培训,提高开展整个生命周期营养行动的水平。
  • 推广实施营养教育工作:在食品上实施通俗易懂的原因(正面)标签,帮助消费者选用健康饮食。
行动领域 4: 通过贸易和投资改善营养
  • 加快营养领域的负责任和可持续投资: 国家政府年度总预算的起码百分比规定用于营养行动。
  • 推广实施营养敏感型贸易政策: 成立由不同行业代表组成的全国性工作组,对国家贸易政策与所实施的营养行动之间的统筹协调性进行评估。
  • 加强数据采集和工具开发方面的伙伴关系: 全球性机构继续提高数据采集水平并编制方法和指标来更准确把握贸易政策对营养的影响情况。
  • 加快对当地食物供应链的投资: 逐步增加年度政府公共部门预算对冷链技术及易腐烂食品收获后处理的投资。
行动领域 5: 为各年龄段人口提供安全和有利的营养环境
  • 推广实行监管工具,促进健康饮食: 对含糖饮料征税并对水果和蔬菜给予补贴;对面向儿童的高脂肪、高糖和/或高盐食品和饮料实施销售限制。
  • 推广实施营养敏感型公共食品采购政策: 为医院、护理设施和其他公共机构提供的食物和餐饮制定食品和营养方面的标准。
  • 推广实施国家膳食准则: 在针对儿童、成人和老年人的国家膳食准则中包含生物多样性和可持续性方面的考量。
  • 推广实施旨在改善当地食物和营养环境的营养敏感型政策: 采用区划法规和税收政策,最大限度减少“食物沙漠”和“食物沼泽”。
行动领域 6: 强化营养问题治理和问责
  • 通过国家和地方各级政治对话和宣传来增强政治承诺: 为推广实施粮安委《粮食体系与营养自愿准则》开展多利益相关者磋商进程,从而建立和强化协调机制。
  • 解决研究经费缺口: 增加对研究的投资,把全球性建议与各国具体情况相适应,为实施工作提供能力开发方面的支持。
  • 加大对国家营养信息系统的投资: 根据全球指南和可持续发展目标监测框架的要求建立和强化国家营养监测框架,查找挑战和差距,为制定有效政策提供信息保障。
  • 加快实施全球治理和问责措施: 利用2021年联合国粮食体系峰会和东京2021年营养促进发展峰会等全球性首脑会议的契机确定对营养行动的下承诺并简化全球营养问责制度。

1下表对拟议的优先行动重点领域进行了具体说明。

2粮农组织和世卫组织。2018。 加强营养行动:基于第二届国际营养大会政策建议的国家资源指南。罗马,意大利。112 pp。[2018年11月25日引用]。http://www.fao.org/3/ca1505en/CA1505EN.pdf; 粮农组织/世卫组织“营养十年”联合秘书处。2020。中期评审前瞻文件 [在线]。 [2021年3月30日引用]。

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Message from the facilitator

Dear participants,

The e-consultation on the Nutrition Decade has come to a very successful closing. We thank you warmly for your engagement and thoughtful contributions. In addition to the ideas and proposals directly provided to the FSN Forum platform, 185 participants from 60 countries from all over the world offered their insights by answering the online survey. The survey results will be compiled and made soon available at the FSN Forum and at the UN Nutrition website.

The joint FAO/WHO Secretariat of the UN Decade of Action on Nutrition will review and take full consideration of your opinions when revising table 1 of the Nutrition Decade’s Work Programme for the remaining years of the Nutrition Decade, to accelerate nutrition actions by Governments and relevant stakeholders.

Some of you asked for some stronger UN voice and more coordination leading to joint UN positions on key global emerging issues that impact nutrition. UN Nutrition will work on your needs and requests soon, so please stay tuned. If you are not yet a subscriber of UN Nutrition, we would like to encourage you to do so and sign up for UN Nutrition e-newsletter and e-alerts.

Thanks again and we look forward to a continued dialogue with all of you as we move forward in UN Nutrition.

Stineke Oenema

UN Nutrition Executive Secretary

World Cancer Research Fund International welcomes the opportunity to feed into the revision of the priority actions for the next five years of the UN Decade of Action on Nutrition 2016-2025 and contribute key approaches that best address tackling all forms of malnutrition, obesity and diet-related non-communicable diseases.

Please find our comments attached.

Thank you.

Dear Madam/Sir,

Attached please find the comments of the Global Alliance for the Future of Food on the UN Decade of Action on Nutrition Proposed Priority Actions for 2021-2025.

We are a strategic alliance of philanthropic foundations collaborating on bold action to transform food systems. The recommendations expressed in this document are built after years of consultation with our members and based on strong collaboration with a wide range of partners supporting transformations towards healthy, equitable, renewable, resilient, inclusive, diverse, and interconnected food systems.

Thank you,

Matheus Zanella

Flexible diets are one of the priority actions on nutrition for the next five years. A flexible diet is a healthy diet with adjustable dietary energy density.  A balanced diet is healthy. A balanced diet should provide around 50-60% of total calories from carbohydrates, preferably from complex carbohydrates, about 10-15% from proteins and 20-30% from both visible and invisible fat. Dietary Energy Density is defined as food energy in Kcal (Kilocalories) per unit mass (gram).  Dietary energy density can be modified according to the need by increasing or decreasing the ratios of macronutrients: carbohydrates, protein and fatty acids within the limits of recommended dietary allowance.  A healthy diet is an ideal diet if it meets the needs of a person. Dietary energy requirement of a healthy adult depends on the level of physical activity and type of work. Dietary energy requirement of a child or teenager depends on the level of physical activity and participation in games and sports.

Vegetables are parts of plants that are consumed by humans and other animals as food. Vegetables refer to all edible plant matter, including the flowers, fruits, stems, leaves, roots, and seeds. Vegetables can be eaten either raw or cooked and play an important role in human nutrition, being mostly low in fat and carbohydrates but are bulky and filling.  Many nutritionists encourage people to consume plenty of fruit and vegetables, five or more portions a day often being recommended. It is necessary to review the emphasis on increasing the global consumption of fruits and vegetables to double by 2050 to meet global nutrition targets. Vegetables and fruits consumption should be based on palatability and taste of the individual, not driven by nutrition. Protein, fats and dietary energy density in vegetables and fruits is far less than the human requirement. The minerals and vitamins that are present in most of these vegetables and fruits is a small fraction of the daily values. In most of the countries, food is fortified with micronutrients. Other plant products such as nuts and seeds are rich in many nutrients present in vegetables and fruits. Cost of the vegetables and fruits is very high compared to other food groups. Reducing the consumption of vegetables and fruits will reduce the global green-gas emissions and fresh water use. Modifying processes in making long shelf life plant products like soya meal to suit human consumption (retaining nutrients intact) will increase the availability of affordable nutrients to vulnerable people in low and middle income countries.

 

As I review the briefing material and current comments on the forum for UN Decade of Nutrition from the perspective of an agronomist with the biggest concern producing sufficient food to support an ever increase global populations in as sustainable manner as possible with an emphasis on smallholder production in developing countries, I have several concerns mostly falling under Action Area 1: Sustainable, resilient food systems for healthy diets.

Is what I fear will compromise the acceptability of most of the current work on improving nutrition. That is the need to consider the nutritional requirement to optimize economic opportunities. To often those with the greatest need for improved overall nutrition are those who also have the menial economic opportunities requiring heavy manual labor. This will require upward of 4000 kcal/day when often they will only have access to 2500 kcal/day, which is typical for smallholder farmers. This limited diet severely restricting the hours per day of diligent work, prolonging the time required for various farm management activities, and reducing total production below that needed for family food security, let alone extensively participate in any value chain marketing. This makes the ability to produce or acquire improve nutrition unfeasible. Unfortunately optimizing economic opportunity will take priority over improved nutrition. Thus, there is a need carefully review the affordability of improved diets after providing sufficient calories to meet economic opportunities. If not, then most of the work on improved diet will be academic with limited development prospects, even when followed by an extensive education extension program. For a detailed review on problems of dietary energy balance please review the following webpages:

https://webdoc.agsci.colostate.edu/smallholderagriculture/ECHO-Diet.pdf

https://smallholderagriculture.agsci.colostate.edu/ethiopia-diet-analys…

https://webdoc.agsci.colostate.edu/smallholderagriculture/DietPoster.pdf

https://smallholderagriculture.agsci.colostate.edu/1028-2/

https://smallholderagriculture.agsci.colostate.edu/affordability-of-imp…

Feel free to copy and distribute the poster as feel appropriate and take hour or so to try and balance the 4000-kcal energy requirement with any records you can find on casual labor wages, either as declared by governments or actually paid by farmers or other employers. It does not take long and the result mind-blogging. An undercurrent in the webpage is the need to provide a egg a day per child as promoted by an World Bank seminar/webinar I attended a couple years ago. For the price of the egg, you can purchase enough grain for about 3 hours of diligent labor. Which is more critical for those on the economic margin?

The real need here is to reduce the drudgery of smallholder famers which quickly translates to the need for access to mechanization for basic land preparation. Expediting land preparation and crop establishment, should have a major impact on family food security, ability to extensively participate in market value chains, and affordability of improved nutrition as experience with the shift from water buffalo in paddy production in Asia. Please review the webpage: https://smallholderagriculture.agsci.colostate.edu/promoting-the-green-…

On other issues please check for some of the major global trade off between land required for agriculture production vs. land reserves. Also, the total availability of organic nutrients vs. plant nutritional needs to feed the total populations. Finally, beware of condemning GMO as most the GMO development is intended to reduce chemical application and thus protect the environment. Thus, you cannot promote fewer chemical applications and condemn GMOs. Please review these webpages: https://smallholderagriculture.agsci.colostate.edu/sustainability-of-sm… ; https://smallholderagriculture.agsci.colostate.edu/organic-source-of-nu…

 

Excessive food consumption in the world is one of the reasons for increased global warming and increased global burden of diseases. It is necessary to reduce the food consumption immediately to halt further damage to human and planet health and meet global nutrition targets. FAO 2019 statistics indicates that there is nearly 8% increase in per capita consumption of dietary energy in the world between 1997 and 2017. There is more than 50% increase in the adult obesity rate during the same period.  Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) of the dietary energy used all over the world for the past several decades is an over estimate. Empirical equations are used for estimating EER. Weight, height and age data are included in the formulation of these equations. Increase in height or weight increases the EER irrespective of the work or learning environment. Increase in EER made people increase food intake, which in turn increased weight. This spiraling pattern of weight increase resulted in obesity, overweight and other non communicable diseases in the children as they become adults. Some of the countries reduced protein intake levels in their national level dietary guidelines . Energy is a conserved quantity; the law of conservation of energy states that energy can be converted in form, but not created or destroyed. Dietary Energy is expended from the body through excretory organs or retained as chemical energy in the body. Excreted thermal energy is diffused into the surrounding environment causing global warming. Retained chemical energy is deposited in various organ tissues of the human body resulting in chronic Non Communicable Diseases (NCDs).

Sustainable healthy food systems are a priority of today. Though it is quite vague however we need to address some crucial issue such as availability and accessibility of safe and good food all- year round is quite important. Developing countries where agriculture farming are primary activities need to make aware those farmers to sale whatever remaining farm products only after consumption. On top of these a very high thing is the need of strong governance who could handle the matter very artistically.

Most Important Initiative for Global Nutritional Security for the coming decade

  1. A focused WHO/FAO/UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank joint program to reduce the pandemic of micronutrient deficiency in low, medium and high income countries;
  2. WHO to urge member states to implement mandatory fortification of basic foods as high priority in the context of the Sustainable Development Goals (2030);
  3. WHO urgent issuance of Class I Recommended Guidelines for national mandatory fortification of basic Foods, e.g., salt with iodine; flour with iron , vitamin B complex, including folic acid and vitamin B12; milk and milk products with vitamins A and D; or alternative basic manufactured foods and possible additional exssential trace elements;
  4. International Technical and financial Fortification Initiative Grants.
  5. Standards for monitoring micronutrient status in selected population groups;
  6. High profile linkage of promotion of nutritional security for micronutrients as essential for improved response to infections including pandemic corona virus eg. COVID-19, influenza and others e.g., vitamin D.