إصلاح الغابات والمناظر الطبيعية
هذه الوحدة موجّهة إلى الأشخاص المعنيين في إصلاح الغطاء الحرجي على نطاق المنظر الطبيعي، حيث تحدد فيها الخطوات المطلوب اتخاذها في عملية التخطيط لإصلاح الغابات والمناظر الطبيعية، بما في ذلك القرارات المتعلقة بأنماط التدخلات المطلوب القيام بها، وموقع تلك التدخلات في المنظر الطبيعي، وحجم الإصلاح المطلوب تنفيذه لتحقيق الأهداف على المستويين المحلي والوطني. كما تستعرض هذه الوحدة بعض التكنولوجيات والترتيبات المؤسسية التي قد تكون مطلوبة، إلى جانب استعراضها للجوانب المالية. وتوفر كذلك روابط لأدوات ودراسات أمثلة تفيد في تحسين فعالية جهود الإصلاح وإعادة التأهيل على نطاق المنظر الطبيعي.
Basic knowledge
The aim of forest and landscape restoration (FLR) is to develop diverse, productive and multifunctional landscapes that are resilient in the face of economic fluctuations and climatic change. FLR shifts the emphasis away from simply maximizing tree cover towards re-establishing multiple ecosystem functions in previously degraded landscapes, striving for a balance between restoring environmental services and improving the productive capacity of land for agriculture, forestry and other land uses.
FLR differs from site-level forest reforestation because it explicitly seeks to restore ecological processes such as hydrological and nutrient cycles, soil development, and wildlife population dynamics that operate or are only effective at a larger – or “landscape” – scale. This is the reason that the term “restoration” is used in preference to “reforestation”.
FLR is more than a technical approach; intrinsic to it is the involvement of landholders and other stakeholders in participatory decision-making processes. It makes use of collaborative approaches to harmonize the many land-use decisions of landholders with the aims of improving both ecological integrity and economic outcomes and enhancing the socioeconomic development of local communities.
Because the knowledge and expertise of individuals is a key resource for landscape restoration, it is particularly important that women and men can equally make a contribution. If landscape planning is to be effective, it must incorporate women’s as well as men’s concerns. Yet a real knowledge gap remains, as women are often excluded from participatory processes.
Landscape approaches involve landholders, political leaders and other stakeholders but very few of them are female. This means women are not able to participate in decisive discussions; yet, evidence shows that successful landscape approaches rely on the active participation of communities, the private sector, and other actors, including women.
Decisions on how FLR is implemented necessarily depend on the extent and nature of land degradation and the resources available, as well as the biophysical characteristics of the landscape mosaic. They also depend on the aspirations and needs of stakeholders and a range of social, economic and environmental factors.
- People undertaking FLR should consider four key questions:
- How much restoration is needed in a particular landscape?
- What type of restoration should be done at each location?
- Where in the landscape should those interventions be carried out?
- How should such a restoration programme be organized, funded and managed?
الوحدات ذات الصلة
- الحراجة الزراعية
- التكيف مع تغير المناخ والتخفيف من آثاره
- حوكمة الغابات
- حيازة الغابات
- تخطيط استخدام الأراضي
- إصلاح الغابات
- إدارة الغابات المزروعة
- نُهج وأدوات تشاركية لتحقيق الإدارة المستدامة للغابات
- الحدّ من تدهور الغابات
- الزراعة الحرجية في الغابات الطبيعية
تساهم استعادة الغابات والمناظر الطبيعية في تحقيق أهداف التنمية المستدامة:
In more depth
General context
Considerable reforestation in the last 100 years has been aimed at creating industrial timber resources, but two changes are under way. One concerns the purpose of reforestation: rather than simply producing forest products such as timber, reforestation is increasingly targeting the delivery of environmental services(1). The second change concerns scale: in the past, reforestation was seen mostly as a national responsibility. Recently, however, the very large area of degraded land worldwide has prompted international bodies to call for ambitious global restoration programmes. At the same time, there is increasing recognition of the role that individual farmers and other smallholders can play in reforesting some or all of their lands – in addition to the role previously played by governments and corporations.
The change in emphasis and scale mean that the reforestation methodologies used in the last 100 years to create industrial timber resources will not necessarily be appropriate in the future. There is an increasing need for timber, food security, clean water, biodiversity conservation, cultural and recreational opportunities, and poverty alleviation. Reforestation efforts must be capable of responding to all these in the face of climate change, which will likely have major impacts on the ways in which landscapes are managed.
(1)In this module, the term “reforestation” is used to describe the process of re-establishing tree cover on land deforested by other activities, such as agriculture, and not the silvicultural process of regenerating forests after standard harvesting operations.
The importance of forest and landscape restoration
FLR differs from other large-scale reforestation approaches because it involves a wide variety of reforestation methods within a landscape mosaic and because it explicitly seeks to restore key ecosystem functioning and achieve multiple objectives at the landscape scale. The reforestation approach used at a given site depends on local socioeconomic and environmental conditions and objectives. FLR in a given landscape may involve combinations of monocultural and multi-species planted forests, forests established through natural regeneration, and the improved management of existing natural and semi-natural forests. FLR offers a way of balancing the production of economically useful forest products with conservation benefits, because trade-offs are easier to make at the landscape scale than at a single site.
Main principles and approaches to implementing FLR
FLR is necessarily the result of a planning process. It requires acceptance that there is a variety of legitimate stakeholders (not all of whom are landholders), who must arrive at a shared vision of landscape restoration. The box sets out principles for undertaking the FLR planning process.