1.1 Economic and social impact of mangoes
Global production of mangoes is concentrated mainly in Asia and more precisely in India that produced in 12 Million Mt. Mangoes are grown in 85 countries and 63 countries produce more than 1 000 Mt a year. Total world production (Table 2) was 24 420 116 Mt in 1999 (FAOSTAT, 2000), where mangoes play an integral part in their lives not only by being rich nutrient source but also by serving as a common good that is shared in the culture, the life style and the religion. In 1960 mangoes were not commonly known among the consumers outside of the tropics and there was virtually no international trade of fresh fruit.
In recent years, mangoes have become well established as fresh fruit and
processed products in the global market. India is still by far the major producer
of mangoes in the world; although, it's relative share in the world production
has been gradually declining. In the United States of America fruit eaters now
regularly choose mangoes over apricots, cherries and plums. World demand for
mango is now increasing however, particularly from temperate countries, where
mangoes are rapidly gaining in popularity. The increase in mango production
in non-traditional mango-producing areas has been notable and includes parts
of Asia, West Africa, Australia, South America and Mexico. International trade
of mangoes is dominated by varieties like "Keitt" and "Tommy
Atkins" (Emex, 2000).
Table 2. World mango production by country (Source: FAOSTAT, 2000)
|
Country |
Production (Mt) |
Country |
Production (Mt) |
Country |
Production (Mt) |
|
China |
2 561 522 |
Gambia |
720 |
Panama |
5 800 |
|
Antigua and Barbuda |
1 300 |
Ghana |
4 000 |
Paraguay |
29 000 |
|
Argentina |
1 800 |
Grenada |
1 800 |
Peru |
191 495 |
|
Australia |
37 000 |
Guadeloupe |
1 032 |
Philippines |
931 500 |
|
Bangladesh |
186 760 |
Guam |
50 |
Puerto Rico |
17 375 |
|
Belize |
1 000 |
Guinea |
84 720 |
Réunion |
5 000 |
|
Benin |
12 000 |
Guinea-Bissau |
4 500 |
Saint Lucia |
27 000 |
|
Bolivia |
7 500 |
Guyana |
3 200 |
Saint Vincent/Grenadines |
1 400 |
|
Brazil |
600 000 |
Haiti |
225 000 |
Samoa |
4 900 |
|
Burkina Faso |
5 000 |
Honduras |
5 400 |
Senegal |
75 236 |
|
Cambodia |
35 000 |
India |
12 000 000 |
Seychelles |
30 |
|
Cameroon |
350 |
Indonesia |
801 777 |
Sierra Leone |
6 500 |
|
Cape Verde |
4 500 |
Iran, Islamic Rep of |
10 656 |
Somalia |
900 |
|
Cayman Islands |
36 |
Israel |
21 500 |
South Africa |
37 731 |
|
Central African Republic |
9 300 |
Jamaica |
5 000 |
Sri Lanka |
86 240 |
|
Chad |
32 000 |
Kenya |
24 000 |
Sudan |
190 000 |
|
Colombia |
98 000 |
Laos |
2 100 |
Tanzania, United Rep of |
189 000 |
|
Congo, Dem Republic of |
210 000 |
Madagascar |
206 000 |
Thailand |
1 250 000 |
|
Cook Islands |
2 700 |
Malawi |
34 000 |
Togo |
10 |
|
Costa Rica |
13 139 |
Malaysia |
23 000 |
Trinidad and Tobago |
430 |
|
Cuba |
43 002 |
Mali |
50 000 |
United Arab Emirates |
9 655 |
|
Côte d'Ivoire |
9 000 |
Martinique |
197 |
United States of America |
2 720 |
|
Dominica |
1 750 |
Mexico |
1 449 478 |
Venezuela, Rep of Bolivia |
130 180 |
|
Dominican Republic |
180 000 |
Montserrat |
140 |
Viet Nam |
188 557 |
|
Ecuador |
68 693 |
Morocco |
20 |
Wallis and Futuna Is |
12 |
|
Egypt |
231 000 |
Mozambique |
36 000 |
Yemen |
16 262 |
|
El Salvador |
18 000 |
Nigeria |
729 000 |
Zimbabwe |
450 |
|
Fiji Islands |
246 |
Oman |
12 000 |
||
|
French Guinea |
391 |
Pakistan |
916 454 |
Processed mango is an exotic product in the US and gaining in popularity. Over the years the imports of this product have been increasing. Importers in the US think imports will increase even more in the coming years. Americans prefer canned mangoes because they like to have something out of the ordinary. Additionally, mangoes enjoy an ethnic market among Asian and Hispanic Americans.
The top supplier of canned mangoes in 1993 was Mexico, which held 50 percent of the value and 45 percent of the imported volume. World production of mango in 1997 was 22 million tonnes. India was then the world's largest producer accounting for almost 50 percent of total world production, China and Mexico contributed with 9 percent and 6 percent respectively. World imports of fresh mangoes are expected to increase by 53 percent to 459 000 tonnes by 2005 due to the increasing consumption worldwide.
Processed tropical fruits trade transactions, mostly by developing countries amounted to approximately US$1 500 in 1997. Asia accounts for over 85 percent of the world exports of processed tropical fruits. The consumption of processed mango products such as mango-flavoured beverages either singly flavoured or in multi-flavoured is rapidly increasing, particularly in Europe. The demand for processed mango pulp (puree) has similarly expanded. In 1996, the world production of mango pulp and juice amounted to 807 000 tonnes and 136 780 tonnes respectively. Exports were only 5.7 percent (45 951 tonnes) and 4.9 percent (6 752 tonnes) of the production. Major suppliers of mango pulp (13 to 18 °Brix) and concentrates (28 to 32° Brix) are Peru, India and Ecuador.Other processed mango products: dried, jam, jellies, syrup and other retail-packed products are fast gaining markets and commanding better prices than other tropical fruits.
Organically grown mangoes are currently produced in South Africa and India and exported in fresh frozen form. In Thailand, about 301 946 hectares are planted to mango, which are about 26 percent of the total land area allocated to fruit trees planting. Major planting areas are located in the northeastern and northern regions accounting for 34 percent and 28 percent of the total mango area. Thailand grows over 100 native mango cultivars. Thailand promotes a crossbreeding program to develop an "industrial mango" through breed selection. The aim is to produce cultivars appropriate for processing or for raw or ripe consumption. One of the persistent problems in mango is damage caused by insects and diseases, which are now being addressed by a number of researchers in Entomology and Plant Pathology (NFIT, 1999).