ood systems are responsible for around one third of global greenhouse gas emissions, but this UN report argues that their climate impact cannot be separated from questions of health, biodiversity, livelihoods and human rights. Drawing on 90 submissions, expert consultations and independent research, the Special Rapporteur on human rights and climate change examines how large-scale food production can increase dependence on fossil fuels, petrochemicals, fertilizers, pesticides and plastics, while also contributing to the degradation of forests, soils and oceans.

The report places particular emphasis on the contrast between large-scale food systems and smaller-scale, locally rooted production systems. It notes that small farms occupy a relatively limited share of agricultural land while still producing a substantial share of the world’s food, and highlights the importance of small-scale fisheries and pastoralism for livelihoods and food security. Indigenous Peoples, peasants, small-scale fishers and pastoralists are presented as central actors in building more resilient food systems, especially because of their knowledge, stewardship practices and role in maintaining biodiversity.

The Special Rapporteur calls for food-system transformation based on three linked priorities: decarbonization, defossilization and detoxification. Within this framework, agroecology, ecosystem-based fisheries and pastoralism are identified as important pathways for reducing climate risks while supporting health, nutrition and human rights. The report also stresses the need for stronger regulation of corporate activity, reform of subsidies and greater protection of communities whose livelihoods depend directly on land, water and ecosystems.