Agriculture employs more than 85 percent of Guinea-Bissau’s population, yet rural production remains constrained by low productivity, limited access to services and technologies, environmental degradation and increasing climate risks. Prepared jointly by FAO and the World Bank, this technical note examines how participatory and nature-based solutions can strengthen agricultural production while restoring the ecosystems on which rural livelihoods depend.

A central focus is the connection between upland and lowland landscapes. Forest degradation, slash-and-burn agriculture and cashew expansion in upland areas contribute to erosion and sedimentation affecting lowland rice systems, while mangrove loss weakens coastal protection and saline water regulation. The note proposes integrated responses including forest and mangrove restoration, improved water management, agroforestry, crop rotations, integrated pest management, organic fertilization and diversified crop-livestock systems. Home gardens and backyard poultry are also considered for their potential contributions to nutrition, income diversification and women’s empowerment.

Beyond farm practices, the note identifies gaps in seed systems, mechanization, extension and agricultural research. It recommends strengthening national institutions such as the National Institute for Agricultural Research (INPA), alongside community seed production, participatory varietal selection and peer learning. Participatory territorial planning and stronger farmer organizations, local institutions and service providers are presented as enabling conditions for locally adapted and resilient agricultural development.