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Tools for the Guidebook for evaluating fisheries co-management effectiveness

Good practices references

Suggested references for fisheries co-management good practices and processes

An additional list of co-management references, not assigned to any of the three Guidebook sections, is provided. These supplement the three lists and comprise references fairly well cited in the academic literature that are relevant to several sections and tasks. Indeed, the same is true of some references for sections 2.2, 2.3 and 4. Some of the most useful references are not easy to categorize according to topic or discipline. This is because of the integrated nature of co-management.

Some references require either purchase or free institutional online access to be acquired. Some publishers offer discounts to organizations from developing country. Several references are relevant to more than one section of the Guidebook. Non-academic references may offer more practical guidance, and academic ones more analysis and contextualization.

These lists are dynamic because new publications are frequently produced and alternative terms to “co-management” may become more widely used. In other languages there may be no direct translation for “co-management” or more recent, associated terms. Searching for synonyms is also recommended.

  1. Adam, R.I., McDougall, C., Bevitt, K., Freed, S., Gomes, C., Johnson, A., Lau, J., et al. (2021). Four pathways to achieve gender equality and women’s empowerment in small-scale fisheries and aquaculture: Insights from FISH research. Program Report: FISH-2021-28. Penang, Malaysia: WorldFish.
  2. Alexander, S., Armitage, D. & Charles, A. (2015). Social networks and transitions to co-management in Jamaican marine reserves and small-scale fisheries. Global Environmental Change, 35: 213–225.
  3. Arthur, R.I. (2005). Developing, implementing and evaluating policies to support fisheries co-management. London: Marine Resources Assessment Group Ltd.
  4. Berkes, F. (2009). Evolution of co-management: role of knowledge generation, bridging organizations and social learning. Journal of Environmental Management, 90: 1692–1702.
  5. Carlsson, L. & Berkes, F. (2005). Co-management: concepts and methodological implications. Journal of Environmental Management, 75(1): 65–76.
  6. Capistrano, R.C. & Charles, A. (2012). Indigenous rights and coastal fisheries: A framework of livelihoods, rights and equity. Ocean and Coastal Management, 69: 200–209.
  7. Charles, A. (2009). Rights-based fisheries management: The role of use rights in managing access and harvesting. In K.L. Cochrane & S.M. Garcia (eds.), A Fishery Manager’s Guidebook, pp. 253–282. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.
  8. Charles, A. (2011). Human rights and fishery rights in small-scale fisheries management. In R.S. Pomeroy & N.L. Andrew (eds.), Small-scale fisheries management, pp. 59–74. CAB International.
  9. Charles, A. (2013). Governance of tenure in small-scale fisheries: Key considerations. Land Tenure Journal, 1: 9–37.
  10. Charles, A. (2018). Meaningful partnerships in meaningful ocean governance. In D. Werle, P.R. Boudreau, M.R. Brooks, M.J.A. Butler, A. Charles, S. Coffen-Smout, D. Griffiths, I. McAllister, M.L. McConnell, I. Porter, S.J. Rolston & P.G. Wells (eds.), The future of ocean governance and capacity development: Essays in honor of Elisabeth Mann Borgese (1918–2002), pp. 24–29. Leiden, Netherlands & Boston, USA: Brill Nijhoff.
  11. Cowie, W., Al Dhaheri, S., Al Hashmi, A., Solis-Rivera, V., Baigun, C., Chang, K., Cooney, R., et al. (2020). IUCN guidelines for gathering of fishers’ knowledge for policy development and applied use. Gland, Switzerland & Abu Dhabi, UAE: IUCN and Environment Agency.
  12. d’Armengol, L., Castillo Prieto, M., Ruiz-Mallén, I. & Corbera, E. (2018). A systematic review of co-managed small-scale fisheries: Social diversity and adaptive management improve outcomes. Global Environmental Change, 52: 212–225.
  13. Evans, L., Cherrett, N. & Pemsl, D. (2011). Assessing the impact of fisheries co-management interventions in developing countries: a meta-analysis. Journal of Environmental Management, 92: 1938–1949.
  14. FAO. (2013). Good practice policies to eliminate gender inequalities in fish value chains. Rome.
  15. FAO. (2015). Voluntary Guidelines for Securing Sustainable Small-Scale Fisheries in the Context of Food Security and Poverty Eradication. Rome.
  16. FAO. (2017). Towards gender-equitable small-scale fisheries governance and development: A handbook in support of the implementation of the Voluntary Guidelines for Securing Sustainable Small-Scale Fisheries in the Context of Food Security and Poverty Eradication, by Nilanjana Biswas. Rome.
  17. FAO. (2018). FAO Technical Guide 1 – Introduction to gender-sensitive social protection programming to combat rural poverty: Why is it important and what does it mean? Rome. 76 pp.
  18. Garcia, S.M., Rice, J. & Charles, A. (2014). Governance of marine fisheries and biodiversity conservation: Interaction and co-evolution. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.
  19. Gutiérrez, N.L., Hilborn, R. & Defeo, O. (2011). Leadership, social capital and incentives promote successful fisheries. Nature, 470: 386–389.
  20. Nasuchon, N. & Charles, A. (2010). Community involvement in fisheries management: Experiences in the Gulf of Thailand countries. Marine Policy, 34:163–169.
  21. Noble, B.F. (2000). Institutional criteria for co-management. Marine Policy, 24(1): 69–77.
  22. Ogwang, V., Medard, M., Kilosa, E., Nyeko, J.I. & Bakunda, A. (2005). Guidelines for beach management units (BMUs) on Lake Victoria. East African Community – Lake Victoria Fisheries Organisation. Arusha, Tanzania.
  23. Plummer, R., Armitage, D.R. & De Loë, R.C. (2013). Adaptive co-management and its relationship to environmental governance. Ecology and Society, 18(1).
  24. Pomeroy, R.S., Cinner, J. & Nielsen, J.R. (2011). Conditions for successful co-management: lessons learned in Asia, Africa, the Pacific and the wider Caribbean. In: R.S. Pomeroy & N. Andrew (eds), Small-scale fisheries management: frameworks and approaches for the developing world, chapter 7. Oxfordshire, UK & Cambridge, USA: CABI Publishing.
  25. Pomeroy, R.S., Katon, B.M. & Harkes, I. (2001). Conditions affecting the success of fisheries co-management: Lessons from Asia. Marine Policy, 25(3): 197–208.
  26. Pomeroy, R.S., Pollnac, R.B., Katon, B.M. & Predo, C.D. (1997). Evaluating factors contributing to the success of community-based coastal resource management: the Central Visayas Regional Project-1, Philippines. Ocean and Coastal Management, 36(1-3): 97–112.
  27. Rodwell, L.D., Lowther, J., Hunter, C. & Mangi, S.C. (2014). Fisheries co-management in a new era of marine policy in the UK: A preliminary assessment of stakeholder perceptions. Marine Policy, 45: 279–286.
  28. Sandström, A., Crona, B. & Bodin, Ö. (2014). Legitimacy in co-management: The impact of preexisting structures, social networks and governance strategies. Environmental Policy and Governance, 24(1): 60–76.
  29. Tamura, M., Ishida, M., Sidman, C., Montes, N. & Lorenzen, K. (2018). Facilitating co-managed fisheries in the Caribbean region: Good practices and guidance from the CARIFICO experience. Florida, USA: Japan International Cooperation Agency & Florida Sea Grant, University of Florida.
  30. USAID & GAF (United States Agency for International Development and Gender in Aquaculture and Fisheries Section of the Asian Fisheries Society). (n.d.). Gender research in fisheries and aquaculture: A training handbook. USAID & GAF.
  31. Wamukota, A.W., Cinner, J.E. & McClanahan, T.R. (2012). Co-management of coral reef fisheries: a critical evaluation of the literature. Marine Policy, 36: 481-488.

  1. Armitage, D., Marschke, M. & Plummer, R. (2008). Adaptive co-management and the paradox of learning. Global Environmental Change, 18(1): 86–98.
  2. Bown, N.K., Gray, T.S. & Stead, S.M. (2013). Co-management and adaptive co-management: Two modes of governance in a Honduran marine protected area. Marine Policy, 39: 128–134.
  3. Castrejón, M. & Charles, A. (2012). Improving fisheries co-management through ecosystem-based spatial management: The Galapagos Marine Reserve. Marine Policy, 38: 235–245.
  4. Charles, A., Loucks, L., Berkes, F. & Armitage, D. (2020). Community science: A typology and its implications for governance of social–ecological systems. Environmental Science & Policy, 106: 77–86.
  5. Defeo, O., Castrejón, M., Pérez-Castañeda, R., Castilla, J.C., Gutiérrez, N.L., Essington, T.E. & Folke, C. (2016). Co-management in Latin American small-scale shell fisheries: assessment from long-term case studies. Fish and Fisheries, 17(1): 176–192.
  6. Graham, J., Charles, A. & Bull, A. (2006). Community-fisheries management handbook. Halifax, Canada: Gorsebrook Research Institute, Saint Mary’s University.
  7. Heylings, P. & Bravo, M. (2007). Evaluating governance: a process for understanding how co-management is functioning, and why, in the Galapagos Marine Reserve. Ocean & Coastal Management, 50(3-4): 174–208.
  8. Hauck, M. & Sowman, M. (2001). Coastal and fisheries co-management in South Africa: an overview and analysis. Marine Policy, 25(3): 173–185.
  9. Léopold, M., Thébaud, O. & Charles, A. (2019). The dynamics of institutional innovation: Crafting co-management in small-scale fisheries through action research. Journal of Environmental Management, 237: 187–199.
  10. Natcher, D.C., Davis, S. & Hickey, C.G. (2005). Co-management: managing relationships, not resources. Human Organization, 64(3): 240–250.
  11. Odongkara, K. (2009). Beach management units: Uganda’s experience. Jinja, Uganda: National Fisheries Resources Research Institute.
  12. Ogwang, V., Medard, M., Kilosa, E., Nyeko, J.I. & Bakunda, A. (2005). Guidelines for beach management units (BMUs) on Lake Victoria. East African Community – Lake Victoria Fisheries Organisation. Arusha, Tanzania.
  13. Oluoch, S., Obura, D. & Hussein, A. (2009). The capacity of fisherfolk to implement beach management units in Diani-Chale. In: J. Hoorweg & N. Muthiga (eds), Advances in Coastal Ecology: People, Processes and Ecosystems in Kenya, pp. 99–108. Kenya: African Studies Centre.
  14. Pomeroy, R.S. & Rivera-Guieb, R. (2006). Fishery co-management: A practical handbook. Rome: CABI Publishing and Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre.
  15. Rodwell, L.D., Lowther, J., Hunter, C. & Mangi, S.C. (2014). Fisheries co-management in a new era of marine policy in the UK: A preliminary assessment of stakeholder perceptions. Marine Policy, 45: 279-286.
  16. Secretariat of the Pacific Community. (2010). A community-based ecosystem approach to fisheries management: Guidelines for Pacific Island Countries. Noumea, New Caledonia.
  17. Takahashi, B. & van Duijn, A.P. (2012). Operationalizing fisheries co-management: lessons learned from lagoon fisheries co-management in Thua Thien Hue Province, Viet Nam. RAP Publication 2012/02. Bangkok: FAO.
  18. Tamura, M., Ishida, M., Sidman, C., Montes, N. & Lorenzen, K. (2018). Facilitating co-managed fisheries in the Caribbean region: Good practices and guidance from the CARIFICO experience. Florida, USA: Japan International Cooperation Agency & Florida Sea Grant, University of Florida.
  19. Watt, P. (2001). A manual for the co-management of commercial fisheries in the Pacific. Noumea, New Caledonia: Secretariat of the Pacific Community.
  20. Yandle, T. (2003). The challenge of building successful stakeholder organizations: New Zealand’s experience in developing a fisheries co-management regime. Marine Policy, 27(2): 179–192.

  1. Boyd, H. & Charles, A. (2006). Creating community-based indicators to monitor sustainability of local fisheries. Ocean and Coastal Management, 49: 237–258.
  2. Bulengela, G., Brehm, J. & Onyango, P. (2021). Co-management in crisis? Reflections from beach management units (BMUs) of Kigoma fishing communities, Tanzania. International Journal of Contemporary Sociology, 58(1).
  3. Butler, J.R.A., Young, J.C., McMyn, I.A.G., Leyshon, B., Graham, I.M., Walker, I., Baxter, J.M., Dodd, J. & Warburton, C. (2015). Evaluating adaptive co-management as conservation conflict resolution: learning from seals and salmon. Journal of Environmental Management, 160: 212–225.
  4. Fox, H.E., Holtzman, J.L., Haisfield, K.M., McNally, C.G., Cid, G.A., Mascia, M.B., Parks, J.E. & Pomeroy, R.S. (2014). How are our MPAs doing? Challenges in assessing global patterns in marine protected area performance. Coastal Management, 42(3): 207–226.
  5. Geldmann, J., Deguignet, M., Balmford, A., Burgess, N.D., Dudley, N.; Hockings, M., Kingston, N., et al. (2021). Essential indicators for measuring area-based conservation effectiveness in the post-2020 global biodiversity framework. Conservation Letters.
  6. Heylings, P. & Bravo, M. (2007). Evaluating governance: a process for understanding how co-management is functioning, and why, in the Galapagos Marine Reserve. Ocean and Coastal Management, 50(3-4): 174–208.
  7. Ho, N.T.T., Ross, H. & Coutts, J. (2016). Evaluation of social and ecological outcomes of fisheries co-management in Tam Giang Lagoon, Vietnam. Fisheries Research, 174: 151–159.
  8. Hockings, M., Stolton, S., Leverington, F., Dudley, N. & Courrau, J. (2000). Evaluating effectiveness: A framework for assessing the management of marine protected areas. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN.
  9. Kanyange, N., Kimani, P., Onyango, P., Sweenarain, S. & Yvergniaux, Y. (2014). Performance assessment of Beach Management Units along the coastlines of Kenya and Tanzania. Indian Ocean Commission, Ebene, Mauritius.
  10. Ogoma, M., Kirui, B., Obwoyere, G., Obura, E. & Otachi, E. (2020). Factors influencing capacity of Beach Management Units in implementing fisheries co-management in a tropical desert lake. Egerton Journal of Science and Technology, 17(1-139): 29-49.
  11. Plummer, R. & Armitage, D. (2007). A resilience-based framework for evaluating adaptive co-management: linking ecology, economics and society in a complex world. Ecological Economics, 61(1): 62–74.
  12. Pomeroy, R.S., McConney, P. & Mahon, R. (2004). Comparative analysis of coastal resource co-management in the Caribbean. Ocean and Coastal Management, 47(9-10): 429–447.
  13. Pomeroy, R.S., Parks, J.E. & Watson, L.M. (2004). How is your MPA doing? A guidebook of natural and social indicators for evaluating marine protected area management effectiveness. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN.
  14. Schultz, L., Duit, A. & Folke, C. (2011). Participation, adaptive co-management, and management performance in the world network of biosphere reserves. World Development, 39(4): 662–671.
  15. Tempesta, M. & Otero, M. (2013). Guide for quick evaluation of management in Mediterranean MPAs. WWF Italy and IUCN Center for Mediterranean Cooperation.
  16. Williams, K.W. & Tai, H.S. (2016). A multi-tier social-ecological system analysis of protected areas co-management in Belize. Sustainability, 8(2): 104.
  17. Yandle, T. (2008). The promise and perils of building a co-management regime: an institutional assessment of New Zealand fisheries management between 1999 and 2005. Marine Policy, 32(1): 132-141.

  1. Armitage, D.R., Plummer, R., Berkes, F., Arthur, R.I., Charles, A.T., Davidson-Hunt, I.J., Diduck, A.P., et al. (2009). Adaptive co-management for social-ecological complexity. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 7(2): 95–102.
  2. Beem, B. (2007). Co-management from the top? The roles of policy entrepreneurs and distributive conflict in developing co-management arrangements. Marine Policy, 31(4): 540–549.
  3. Botto-Barrios, D. & Saavedra-Díaz, L. (2020). Assessment of Ostrom’s social-ecological system framework for the co-management of small-scale marine fisheries in Colombia: from local fishers’ perspectives. Ecology and Society, 25(1).
  4. Carr, L.M. & Heyman, W.D. (2012). “It’s about seeing what’s actually out there”: Quantifying fishers’ ecological knowledge and biases in a small-scale commercial fishery as a path toward co-management. Ocean and Coastal Management, 69: 118–132.
  5. Chuenpagdee, R. & Jentoft, S. (2007). Step zero for fisheries co-management: What precedes implementation. Marine Policy, 31(6): 657–668.
  6. Cinner, J.E., McClanahan, T.R., MacNeil, M.A., Graham, N.A., Daw, T.M., Mukminin, A., Feary, D.A., et al. (2012). Co-management of coral reef social-ecological systems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(14): 5219–5222.
  7. Cohen, P.J. & Steenbergen, D.J. (2015). Social dimensions of local fisheries co-management in the Coral Triangle. Environmental Conservation, 42(3): 278–288.
  8. Cohen, P.J., Freed, S., Garces, L.R., Jayakody, S., Khan, A., Mam, K., Nahiduzzaman, M., et al. (2021). Characteristics and performance of fisheries co-management in Asia; Synthesis of knowledge and case studies: Bangladesh, Cambodia, Philippines and Sri Lanka. Bangkok: FAO.
  9. Cox, S.A. & McConney, P. (2012). The role livelihood outcomes and strategies play in the adaptive co-management of the sea urchin fisheries in Barbados and St. Lucia. Proceedings of the 64th Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute, 31 October-5 November 2011, Puerto Morelos, Mexico.
  10. De Moura, R.L., Minte-Vera, C.V., Curado, I.B., Francini-Filho, R.B., Rodrigues, H.D.C., Dutra, G.F., Alves, D.C. & Souto, F.J.B. (2009). Challenges and prospects of fisheries co-management under a marine extractive reserve framework in Northeastern Brazil. Coastal Management, 37(6): 617–632.
  11. Ebel, S.A. (2020). Moving beyond co-management: Opportunities and limitations for enabling transitions to polycentric governance in Chile’s territorial user rights in fisheries policy. International Journal of the Commons, 14(1).
  12. Espectato, L.N., Serofia, G.D., Subade, R.F. & Baylon, C.C. (2012). Emerging fisheries co-management arrangement in Panay Gulf, Southern Iloilo, Philippines. Ocean and Coastal Management, 55: 27–35.
  13. FAO. (2013). Ten lessons for more effective co-management in small-scale fisheries. Regional Fisheries Livelihoods Programme for South and Southeast Asia.
  14. Fennell, D., Plummer, R. & Marschke, M. (2008). Is adaptive co-management ethical? Journal of Environmental Management, 88(1): 62–75.
  15. Finkbeiner, E.M. & Basurto, X. (2015). Re-defining co-management to facilitate small-scale fisheries reform: An illustration from northwest Mexico. Marine Policy, 51: 433–441.
  16. Galappaththi, E.K. & Berkes, F. (2015). Can co-management emerge spontaneously? Collaborative management in Sri Lankan shrimp aquaculture. Marine Policy, 60: 1–8.
  17. Garaway, C.J. & Arthur, R.I. (2004). Adaptive learning: a practical framework for the implementation of adaptive co-management – lessons from selected experiences in South and Southeast Asia. London: Marine Resources Assessment Group
  18. Gelcich, S., Edwards-Jones, G. & Kaiser, M.J. (2005). Importance of attitudinal differences among artisanal fishers toward co-management and conservation of marine resources. Conservation Biology, 19(3): 865–875.
  19. Goetze, T.C. (2005). Empowered co-management: towards power-sharing and indigenous rights in Clayoquot Sound, BC. Anthropologica, 47(2): 247–265.
  20. Gray, N. (2016). The role of boundary organizations in co-management: examining the politics of knowledge integration in a marine protected area in Belize. International Journal of the Commons, 10(2).
  21. Hahn, T. (2003). Collaborative learning, organizational innovation, and adaptive co-management: the role of social networks in Kristianstad Wetlands, Sweden. Millennium Assessment.
  22. Ho, N.T.T., Ross, H. & Coutts, J. (2015). Power sharing in fisheries co-management in Tam Giang Lagoon, Vietnam. Marine Policy, 53: 171–179.
  23. Irving Hartoto, D., Adrianto, L., Kalikoski, D. & Yunanda, T., eds. (2009). Building capacity for mainstreaming fisheries co-management in Indonesia. Course book. Rome: FAO and Jakarta: DKP. 115 pp.
  24. Jentoft, S. (2005). Fisheries co-management as empowerment. Marine Policy, 29(1): 1–7.
  25. Jentoft, S., Bavinck, M., Johnson, D. & Thomson, K. (2009). Fisheries co-management and legal pluralism: how an analytical problem becomes an institutional one. Human Organization, 68(1): 27–38.
  26. Kalikoski, D.C. (2004). On crafting a fisheries co-management arrangement in the estuary of Patos Lagoon (Brazil): opportunities and challenges faced through implementation. Marine Policy, 28(6): 503–522.
  27. Kamiyama, R., Miyata, T., Ferrer, A.J.G., Kurokura, H. & Ishikawa, S. (2018). Differences in the effects of social network, trust, and co-operation on fishery co-management. Marine Policy, 87: 314–320.
  28. Kuperan, K., Abdullah, N.M.R., Pomeroy, R.S., Genio, E.L. & Salamanca, A.M. (2008). Measuring transaction costs of fisheries co-management. Coastal Management, 36(3): 225–240.
  29. Levine, A. & Richmond, L. (2015). Using common-pool resource design principles to assess the viability of community-based fisheries co-management systems in American Samoa and Hawai’i. Marine Policy, 62: 9–17.
  30. Levine, A. (2016). The development and unraveling of marine resource co-management in the Pemba Channel, Zanzibar: institutions, governance, and the politics of scale. Regional Environmental Change, 16(5): 1279–1291.
  31. Linke, S. & Bruckmeier, K. (2015). Co-management in fisheries – experiences and changing approaches in Europe. Ocean and Coastal Management, 104: 170–181.
  32. Makino, M., Matsuda, H. & Sakurai, Y. (2009). Expanding fisheries co-management to ecosystem-based management: a case in the Shiretoko World Natural Heritage area, Japan. Marine Policy, 33(2): 207–214.
  33. Marín, A., Gelcich, S., Castilla, J.C. & Berkes, F. (2012). Exploring social capital in Chile’s coastal benthic comanagement system using a network approach. Ecology and Society, 17(1).
  34. McCay, B.J., Micheli, F., Ponce-Díaz, G., Murray, G., Shester, G., Ramirez-Sanchez, S. & Weisman, W. (2014). Cooperatives, concessions, and co-management on the Pacific coast of Mexico. Marine Policy, 44: 49–59.
  35. McConney, P. & Baldeo, R. (2007). Lessons in co-management from beach seine and lobster fisheries in Grenada. Fisheries Research, 87(1): 77–85.
  36. Medeiros, M.C., Barboza, R.R.D., Martel, G. & da Silva Mourão, J. (2018). Combining local fishers' and scientific ecological knowledge: Implications for comanagement. Ocean and Coastal Management, 158: 1–10.
  37. Muawanah, U., Yusuf, G., Adrianto, L., Kalther, J., Pomeroy, R., Abdullah, H. & Ruchimat, T. (2018). Review of national laws and regulation in Indonesia in relation to an ecosystem approach to fisheries management. Marine Policy, 91:150–160.
  38. Nunan, F. & Cepić, D. (2020). Women and fisheries co-management: Limits to participation on Lake Victoria. Fisheries Research, 224: 105454.
  39. Olsson, P., Folke, C. & Berkes, F. (2004). Adaptive co-management for building resilience in social-ecological systems. Environmental Management, 34(1): 75–90.
  40. Olsson, P., Folke, C., Galaz, V., Hahn, T. & Schultz, L. (2007). Enhancing the fit through adaptive co-management: creating and maintaining bridging functions for matching scales in the Kristianstads Vattenrike Biosphere Reserve, Sweden. Ecology and Society, 12(1).
  41. Pellowe, K.E. & Leslie, H.M. (2020). The interplay between formal and informal institutions and the potential for co-management in a Mexican small-scale fishery. Marine Policy, 121: 104179.
  42. Pinkerton, E., Angel, E., Ladell, N., Williams, P., Nicolson, M., Thorkelson, J. & Clifton, H. (2014). Local and regional strategies for rebuilding fisheries management institutions in coastal British Columbia: what components of comanagement are most critical? Ecology and Society, 19(2).
  43. Plummer, R. (2009). The adaptive co-management process: an initial synthesis of representative models and influential variables. Ecology and Society, 14(2).
  44. Plummer, R. (2013). Can adaptive co-management help to address the challenges of climate change adaptation? Ecology and Society, 18(4).
  45. Plummer, R., Armitage, D.R. & De Loë, R.C. (2013). Adaptive co-management and its relationship to environmental governance. Ecology and Society, 18(1).
  46. Pomeroy, R.S., McConney, P. & Mahon, R. (2004). Comparative analysis of coastal resource co-management in the Caribbean. Ocean and Coastal Management, 47(9-10): 429-447.
  47. Puley, M. & Charles, A. (2022). Dissecting co-management: Fisher participation across management components and implications for governance. Fish and Fisheries, 23(3): 719-732.
  48. Rivera, A., Martin-Chicas, S. & Myton, J. (2021). Transitioning to co-management in Caribbean reef fisheries: Tela Bay case study. Sustainability Science, 16(4): 1233-1250.
  49. Rocha, L.M. & Pinkerton, E. (2015). Comanagement of clams in Brazil: a framework to advance comparison. Ecology and Society, 20(1).
  50. Sandström, A. & Rova, C. (2010). Adaptive co-management networks: a comparative analysis of two fishery conservation areas in Sweden. Ecology and Society, 15(3).
  51. Schumann, S. (2007). Co-management and “consciousness”: fishers’ assimilation of management principles in Chile. Marine Policy, 31(2): 101-111.
  52. Silva, C.N., Broadhurst, M.K., Medeiros, R.P. & Dias, J.H. (2013). Resolving environmental issues in the southern Brazilian artisanal penaeid-trawl fishery through adaptive co-management. Marine Policy, 42: 133-141.
  53. Silva, P., Cabral, H., Rangel, M., Pereira, J. & Pita, C. (2019). Ready for co-management? Portuguese artisanal octopus fishers’ preferences for management and knowledge about the resource. Marine Policy, 101: 268-275.
  54. Stratoudakis, Y. (2021). Legitimacy objects, agents, and evaluators: A framing to strengthen planning and performance of fisheries co-management. Environmental Science & Policy, 116: 230-238.
  55. Tilley, A., Hunnam, K.J., Mills, D.J., Steenbergen, D.J., Govan, H., Alonso-Poblacion, E., Roscher, M., et al. (2019). Evaluating the fit of co-management for small-scale fisheries governance in Timor-Leste. Frontiers in Marine Science, 6: 392-778? [sic] 392.
  56. Trimble, M. & Berkes, F. (2013). Participatory research towards co-management: lessons from artisanal fisheries in coastal Uruguay. Journal of Environmental Management, 128: 768-778.
  57. Trimble, M. & Berkes, F. (2015). Towards adaptive co-management of small-scale fisheries in Uruguay and Brazil: lessons from using Ostrom’s design principles. Maritime Studies, 14(1): 1-20.
  58. Van Tuyen, T., Armitage, D. & Marschke, M. (2010). Livelihoods and co-management in the Tam Giang lagoon, Vietnam. Ocean and Coastal Management, 53(7): 327-335.
  59. Vaughan, M.B. & Caldwell, M.R. (2015). Hana Pa’a: Challenges and lessons for early phases of co-management. Marine Policy, 62: 51-62.
  60. Virdin, J.W. (2000). An institutional model for comanagement of coastal resources in Fiji. Coastal Management, 28(4): 325-335.
  61. Welch-Devine, M. (2012). Searching for success: defining success in co-management. Human Organization, 71(4): 358-370.
  62. Wilson, D.C.K., Ahmed, M., Delaney, A., Donda, S., Kapasa, C.K., Malasha, I., Muyangali, K., et al. (2010). Fisheries co-management institutions in Southern Africa: a hierarchical analysis of perceptions of effectiveness. International Journal of the Commons, 4(2).