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The Council acts as the FAO Conference's executive organ between the sessions. In particular, it exercises functions dealing with the world food and agriculture situation and related matters, current and prospective activities of the Organization, including its Programme of Work and Budget, administrative matters and financial management of the Organization and constitutional matters.

The Council's members are elected by the Conference for two years, comprising of an Independent Chairperson and 49 representatives of the Member Nations. Normally holds at least five sessions in a biennium.