Thank you all for your contributions, to add on to the discussion...in my own view resilience implies that communities are able to withstand different challenges affecting agriculture. While conditions that are affecting agricultural activities are due to a number of factors, agriculture in Africa is threatened by environmental, humanitarian, economic and political factors that inhibit the investment and productivity in the sector. How can we keep farmers on the ground? how can we make them offset these challenges (shock )? - built a form of resilience, able to stay on the land.

A number of interventions have been initiated over the years, however ICTs have outlived their predecessor (s)  -in terms of comparative innovations - for example electricity has not penetrated to all parts of the world. It is commonly agreed that the use of ICTs in agriculture are poised to improve and offset challenges bedeviling African agriculture (as well as other parts of the world) - in areas such as land management, weather forecasting, early warning systems, input support schemes, cash distribution and market information systems. Examples specific to each and some of these areas have been alluded to by the previous contributors to this forum.

My specific contribution goes to the adoption of ICTs with regards to resilience in disaster areas, conflict zones and inaccessible areas. ICTs have penetrated to most humans that any other form of innovation. This has made the adoption of ICTs in resilence projects within regards to supporting communities in accessible areas have been useful, examples are seen in SWALIM, in Somalia.... In most countries the mobile telephony has been the backbone of reaching out to cut off agricultural communities.It will be also interesting to get views of other on protracted crisis areas....If well used ICTs can be a backbone infrastructure for early warning systems i.e in the case of climate and weather related disatsers. They can also be used with regards with conflict to help set up on-demand services for isolated farmers. The potential is great.....