Global Forum on Food Security and Nutrition (FSN Forum)

Consultation

Agroecological approaches and other innovations for sustainable agriculture and food systems that enhance food security and nutrition - HLPE e-consultation on the Report’s scope, proposed by the HLPE Steering Committee

During its 44th Plenary Session (9-13 October 2017), the CFS requested the HLPE to produce a report on “Agroecological approaches and other innovations for sustainable agriculture and food systems that enhance food security and nutrition”, to be presented at CFS46 Plenary session in October 2019.
As part of its report elaboration process, the HLPE is launching an e-consultation to seek views and comments on the following scope and building blocks of the report, outlined below, as proposed by the HLPE Steering Committee.
 

Please note that in parallel to this scoping consultation, the HLPE is calling for interested experts to candidate to the Project Team for this report. The Project Team will be selected by the end of 2017 and will work until June 2019. The call for candidature is open until 15 November 2017; visit the HLPE website www.fao.org/cfs/cfs-hlpe for more details

Proposed draft Scope of the HLPE Report

by the HLPE Steering Committee

Innovation has been a major engine for agriculture transformation in the past decades and will be pivotal to address the needs of a rapidly growing population and the increased pressure over natural resources (including biodiversity, land and water) in a context of climate change. Agroecology and other innovative approaches, practices and technologies can play a critical role to strengthen sustainable agriculture and food systems in order to successfully combat hunger, malnutrition and poverty and contribute to the advancement of the 2030 Agenda.

Building sustainable agriculture and food systems that enhance food security and nutrition (FSN) will require not only to develop new knowledge and technologies but also: to fill the technology gaps; to facilitate the effective access and use of existing technologies; and to develop context-specific solutions, adapted to local food systems and local ecosystems.

Beyond technical issues, this report will assess the importance of bottom-up and people-centered approaches, building on different forms of knowledge, as well as the role of good governance and strong institutions. It will explore the enabling conditions needed to foster scientific, technical, financial, political and institutional innovations for enhanced FSN.

Agroecology, described simultaneously as a science, a set of practices and a social movement, will be studied in this report, as an example of such holistic innovative approaches combining science and traditional knowledge systems, technologies and ecological processes, and involving all the relevant stakeholders in inclusive, participative and innovative governance mechanisms.

This report will also examine the limitations and potential risks of innovative approaches for FSN, human health, livelihoods and the environment. Confronted by major environmental, economic and social challenges, policy-makers need to understand how to optimize and scale-up the contributions of agroecological and other innovative approaches, practices and technologies, while harnessing these potential associated risks.

The HLPE report shall address the following questions:

  • To what extent can agroecological and other innovative approaches, practices and technologies improve resource efficiency, minimize ecological footprint, strengthen resilience, secure social equity and responsibility, and create decent jobs, in particular for youth, in agriculture and food systems?
  • What are the controversies and uncertainties related to innovative technologies and practices? What are their associated risks? What are the barriers to the adoption of agroecology and other innovative approaches, technologies and practices and how to address them? What are their impacts on FSN in its four dimensions (availability, access, utilization and stability), human health and well-being, and the environment?
  • What regulations and standards, what instruments, processes and governance mechanisms are needed to create an enabling environment for the development and implementation of agroecology and other innovative approaches, practices and technologies that enhance food security and nutrition? What are the impacts of trade rules, and intellectual property rights on the development and implementation of such practices and technologies?
  • How to assess and monitor the potential impacts on FSN, whether positive or negative, of agroecology and other innovative approaches, practices and technologies? Which criteria, indicators, statistics and metrics are needed?

This activity is now closed. Please contact [email protected] for any further information.

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Caterina Batello

FAO/AGPME
Italy

FAO/AGPME thanks the HLPE for the opportunity to make comments on the draft scope of the upcoming report, Agroecological approaches and other innovations for sustainable agriculture and food systems that enhance food security and nutrition.

Framework

The HLPE report should begin by providing a conceptual framework for understanding “innovations for sustainable agriculture and food systems that enhance food security and nutrition”. This conceptual framework should be based on clear definitions of “innovations”, “sustainable agriculture and food systems” and – of course – “food security and nutrition” in all four of its dimensions. Such a conceptual framework does not exist and will be one of the important contributions of this report. It would have to include innovations throughout the food system and not only on the production side (also taking into account processing, transportation, marketing, food losses and waste, but also policies, governance, research, etc). It is to be welcomed that the draft scope recognizes not only scientific and technical, but also financial, political and institutional innovations for enhanced FSN. Perhaps social and cultural innovations should be added as they play an important role, for example in the conservation of sustainable use of biodiversity.

Agroecology

This framework needs to be consistent with the premise implicit in the title of the report: that “agroecological approaches” are a noteworthy example of “innovations for sustainable agriculture and food systems that enhance food security and nutrition”. Therefore the report will need to analyze agroecological innovations and explain why these are a noteworthy example of innovations for sustainable agriculture and food systems that enhance food security and nutrition.

Agroecology is widely recognized for being knowledge intensive. Agroecology underlines the importance of context-specific and continuously adapted knowledge to find solutions for complex and dynamic ecological and human systems. It is therefore a central tenet of agroecology that farmers’ knowledge and understanding of management of local natural resources and knowledge of local cultural and social systems form the foundations of agroecology. The dialogue between different actors (such as farmers and pastoralists, or food producers and consumers) is an important source of knowledge and innovation in agroecology, leading for example to innovations in market systems.

Agroecology has a long tradition of building on localized, traditional knowledge, bringing science to bear in ways that respect farmer knowledge, learning and innovation.  This may be through supporting farmers to conduct research themselves, or through introducing interactions with researchers to support on-farm research in collaboration with farmers. A number of interesting cases of this “co-creation” of knowledge for agroecology are highlighted in a special issue of Farming Matters (https://www.ileia.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Farmingmatters32_1.pdf).   

Understanding the innovation systems of small-scale and family farmers and other food producers, most of which would be in line with agroecological approaches, is also necessary. See for example Susan H. Bragdon and Chelsea Smith (2015), Small-scale farmer innovation, (Quaker United Nations Office, Geneva) and QUNO (2015) Small-scale farmer innovation systems: A review of the current literature (Quaker United Nations Office, Geneva).

Agroecological approaches integrate concerns for social equity and justice as an integral part of food systems that deliver food security and nutrition for all, therefore the question of who creates the innovation, who controls it and who benefits from it are key.

Way forward

The report should lead to a set of policy recommendations on how to strengthen innovations for sustainable agriculture and food systems that enhance food security and nutrition, in particular, agroecological approaches. Pertinent questions would include: What research systems and public policies are needed to support such innovations? What data is required to show the impacts of such innovations in order to inform these policies? What legislative systems can protect collective knowledge resulting from co-creation processes? What are the roles of different actors in terms of strengthening such innovations? What role for international exchanges and cooperation in such endeavours? 

Paul von Hartmann

California Cannabis Ministry
United States of America
Dear FSN Associates and concerned global community,
 
Regarding Agroecological approaches and other innovations for sustainable agriculture and food systems that enhance food security and nutrition
 
Increasing solar UV-B radiation threatens the entire world with “global broiling." UV-B increases mercury and arsenic solubility, causes immune suppression, genetic mutation, cancer, hotter forest fires and reduced harvests. 
 
Atmospheric aerosol terpenes, that shield the Earth from the Sun's deadly rays, have been reduced by half in just the past sixty years. Environmental services critically needed for healing Earth's multiple, compounding systemic imbalances include, most importantly, biogenic, atmospheric aerosol terpene production. 
 
Cannabis agriculture offers solutions to all of these problems, and more. Cannabis hemp is the only crop that offers the environmental services and complete, organic vegetable nutrition needed by people and wildlife, at the same time it provides an abundance of cellulose and fiber.
 
Biodegradable plastics, high density carbon, safe & effective herbal therapeutics, and high grade fish food are just a few of the other essential commodities that can be made from Cannabis.
 
Oxygen production, carbon sequestration and terpene production are vital to repairing the Earth's atmosphere and purifying the hydrologic cycle. Cannabis is mankind's functional interface with the Natural Order. Time is the limiting factor in the equation of survival.
 
Please consider the rationale, founded in respect for Nature, presented in my book,
 
Cannabis vs. Climate Change
 
And my previous postings to the FSN forum 
Thank you for your consideration.
 
Sincerely yours,
 
Paul J. von Hartmann 
California Cannabis Ministry / Southern Oregon Ministry Alliance
 
5667 Hwy 66
Ashland, Oregon 97520
(541) 841-8636

 

Izabella Koziell

CGIAR
Sri Lanka

Dear Sir/Madam,

Thank you for the opportunity to provide input to this exercise. 

I am pleased to attach a compilation of responses, from across seven CGIAR centres, in response to your request for comments on the scope of the HLPE report on ‘Agroecological approaches’.  I have pulled these together on behalf of the centres.

Please do not hesitate to get in touch should you require further information on this very important topic.  The CGIAR has a lot to offer in this area.

With kind regards,

Izabella

Izabella Koziell 

Program Director

CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE)

Ahmad Mahdavi

University of Tehran
Iran (Islamic Republic of)

Dear Sir/ Madam,

Please see below some of my views/ innovations for food safety and security, considering that I taught IPM/ agroecology for some years in the past perhaps I will respond for that in more detail in the future, only add here that as an entomologist I am observing big loss of insect populations/ pollinators, a collapse, only less than 1/300 of insect species are pests (all pests including crop, health, veterinary, etc.), edible insects are a good source of our future proteins, etc.

With land degradation and erosion, pollution, loss of biodiversity, climate change and many other problems arisen from decades long industrial agriculture now it is the time to take the agroecological approaches based on ecosystem based adaptations serious for food production. I live in mountains near the big one Damavand in Northeast of Tehran and believe that food insecurity is higher for people that live in mountain areas of the world. On the other hand I believe that food production in cities in controlled environments, vertical farming/ gardening and food sharing could help a lot for food security. As the pioneer of the idea: we have to shorten our food chain many years ago during teaching agroecology I strongly believe that humans do not need so much meat consumption and must increase number of plant species in their food table, already use only 12 species. According to my findings some years ago there are strong correlation between diversity of plant species we eat and induction/ diversification of the Cytochrome P-450s (MFOs) called also polysubstrate mono-oxygenases which are responsible for detoxification in human/ animals bodies. With big recent megamergers happened between food/ pesticide companies, already big toxic pollution in food and so less chance for involvement of regulatory agencies FAO need to take immediate action to prevent the harm. Finally looking at the SDG 12 which is all about Sustainable Consumption and Production (SCP) FAO must increase its role and activities to prevent so much food loss and waste, already about 1/3 of whole food production in the world. Please also see my first global message 10 years ago: how pesticides are handled in developing countries and a more recent one: More exposure of people in developing countries to toxic pesticides...etc.

Best regards,

Ahmad Mahdavi, professor emeritus at University of Tehran,

PhD, insect/ pesticides/ chemicals/ biocides environmental regulatory toxicologist,

UN-FAO focal point for Mountain Partnership in the University of Tehran,

UN Environment- CMS preventing poisoning group,

UN Environment focal point for Environmental Education in the University of Tehran.

Francis Guedes

Federal University of Santa Catarina-UFSC
Brazil

I think that, as a general outline, the most important issues are present in the scope proposal, but the report should also address groups of agroecological techniques and technologies of proven success. In agroecology, the necessary applicability to specific contexts is inextricably linked to general guidelines for the design of sustainable agroecosystems under environmental, economic and social aspects. In addition, the climatic similarities between different regions of the world bring the application of certain techniques and technologies that are feasible in these climatic conditions. For example, semi-arid regions, which are, as a rule, among the most affected by serious problems of poverty and lack of food.

Many experiences, already consolidated, were developed within the social movements, the academy, and the interaction between both, promoting increases in productivity and fertility and reducing production costs.

It should be borne in mind that actions in support of agroecology need to have effective democratization of land, wealth, knowledge and decisions, guaranteed and guided by strong state actions, with institutional and financial support in line with the needs productive, social and economic transformation. Thus, agrarian reform is the parent policy and needs to be accompanied by technical advice, research, rural extension, agricultural credit, price and outflow guarantees, agro-industrialization and logistics, with human and financial resources massive and high quality.

Not only participation, but the actual appropriation of actions and results by rural communities and social movements is an essential part of the process of amplification of agroecology. This is to prevent that, as we see, collective efforts are appropriated by groups of financial power involved in 

Sudarshana Fernando

Sri Lanka

Use of circular economy concepts to assist urban and peri-urban agricultural activities can be a great pathway to promote the agro ecological approach. Thirsty and hungry cities are acting as consumption hubs and facing an imminent challenge in managing both solid and liquid urban waste streams.  Urban waste is rich in major and micro nutrients and in addition can provide organic matter to the soil. This has a huge potential to allow reuse in agriculture where the health concerns are addressed. Transporting the waste derived agricultural inputs to rural agricultural areas is not always practical and economical because  bulky nature of the products will consume more space while rocketing the transport cost which at the end of the day is not attractive to rural farmers as a result of the associated high price tags.   There is huge potential for promoting urban and peri-urban agricultural resource recovery from urban waste streams while confirming agro ecological concepts. This will be win-win situation for farmers and city councils who are seeking  nutrients and want to sustainably dispose their waste respectively.

Additional benefits are  shorter value chains, transport distances and carbon foot prints  resulting in a reduced number of actors along the supply chain, reasonable prices, reduced food waste and losses, high quality fresh products to the consumers, etc. The City region food system concept can be used to promote the agro ecological approach hand in hand with  converting a challenge to an opportunity. 

 

Durlave Roy

Northern Agro Services Ltd
Bangladesh

 

          Human nutrition research issues  vs plant nutrition research issues

                   7 Nutrient Deficiencies That Are Incredibly Common

                                                                       Kbd Durlave Roy,Bangladesh

   a) Macro- and Micronutrient deficiencies and imbalances  

   b) A plant needs organic fertilizer to grow in a balanced way

Spinach, Beans-   dietary sources of iron -Iron deficiency is very common in human body.

Seaweed, Potatoes- dietary sources of iodine-Iodine is one of the most common nutrient deficiencies in the world.

Soybean- dietary sources of vitamin D- Vitamin D deficiency is very common

Rice- dietary sources of Vitamin B12 - Vitamin B12 deficiency is very common

Okra  - Dietary sources of calcium- Low calcium intake is very common

Sweet Potatoes, Carrots- Dietary sources of beta-carotene (pro-vitamin A)- Vitamin A deficiency is very common in many developing countries.

Banana- Dietary sources of magnesium- Many people are eating very little magnesium.

So,Spinach, Beans, Potatoes, Sweet Potatoes, Carrots ,Soybean, Rice, Okra, Banana

Plant needs organic fertilizer to grow in a balanced way and meet up Macro- and Micronutrient deficiencies and imbalances .

 

Meike Henseleit

Germany

I think the research questions depict quite well some of the biggest challenges in terms of food security, sustainability, social participation and environmental protection. Additionally, an important point is the public acceptance of new technologies and practices as well as the willingness to change lifestyles by reducing the meat consumption, for example. Without public acceptance, innovative approaches and  new technologies barely will be successful.  

Alberto Sanz Cobeña

Universidad Politecnica de Madrid
Spain

Dear madam/sir,

Few considerations to the proposed draft:

  • Regional based analysis (“context-specific solutions”) could be better addressed within case-studies from different regions, climatic types, vulnerabilities against climate change. Crteria should be defined.
  • Several terms might need better description (refinement). For instance, “resource efficiency” if this is in terms of outcomes, it would be necessary to define the unit (calories, kg of biomass, proteins, economic value…). Additionally, intensities of the responses (in terms of production and services) could be calculated (e.g. scaling up yields to GHG emissions, N losses, etc.). This would be linked to the last bullet point (indicators). When “resilience” is mentioned, is this general, resilience to global change, climate change, socio-economic changes…general?
  • “Decent jobs, in particular for youth”. Gender perspective needs to be included here.
  • It is mentioned “risks”. It would be necessary to put focus on which type of risks.
  • Barriers need to be linked with opportunities
  • Impacts: side effects (agronomical, social, economic, and environmental) of agroecological practices should be included in any assessment.

Best wishes,

Alberto

--

ALBERTO SANZ COBEÑA

Universidad Politecnica de Madrid

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2119-5620

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Alberto_Sanz-Cobena

http://scholar.google.es/citations?user=FXLsAMoAAAAJ&hl=es&oi=sra

Red Remedia

http://redremedia.wordpress.com/

Annie Saborío Mora

Costa Rica

El cambio climático que vive toda la Tierra, constituye una de las más grandes amenazas para sus ecosistemas y su humanidad. Este se expresa en sequías, inundaciones, huracanes y otros fenómenos que atentan contra aspectos básicos de la existencia humana como su alimentación, la vivienda, la vida y la estabilidad y subsistencia de muchas poblaciones, especialmente de aquellas que por su bajo nivel de desarrollo están más expuestas y vulnerables a los fenómenos climáticos que implican riesgos a desastres socio ambientales.

Este fenómeno es producto, en gran parte, de las acciones humanas, en las múltiples formas de satisfacción de sus necesidades, generadoras de gases en la atmósfera con un efecto en la elevación de las temperaturas conocido como efecto invernadero.

La sociedad humana con sus actividades económicas y sociales, ha acelerado el calentamiento natural de la tierra de una manera gradual como producto de los patrones energéticos utilizados, los sistemas de producción empleados, y las formas de consumo asumidas por el conjunto de la sociedad actual.

Es un fenómeno global que afecta al conjunto de los ecosistemas y sociedades existentes sobre la tierra. De esta manera, nuestros países están incluidos en este proceso, hacen parte de él y en consecuencia deben dar respuestas concretas y efectivas, principalmente como una manera de sobrevivencia y de preservación de valores básicos de bienestar social, convivencia democrática y satisfacción plena de las necesidades de sus habitantes, incluyendo en ello la preservación de la vida de los ecosistemas que les dan sustento.

Una respuesta coherente y decidida de nuestros países ante este fenómeno que afecta al conjunto de su vida económica y social, podría ser una oportunidad para realizar cambios sustanciales en los sistemas de producción, en los estilos de vida y consumo que acerquen al conjunto de la población a una relación más armónica y coherente con las lógicas de los ecosistemas naturales, lo que podría significar la construcción de una sociedad más próspera y sostenible.

El incremento de la temperatura media de la Tierra ha causado que la cubierta de nieve y hielo haya disminuido y que el nivel del mar haya subido, acompañado de un aumento de las corrientes cálidas del fenómeno del Niño. Ello se ha traducido en cambios drásticos en el patrón de lluvias, con sequías prolongadas en unas regiones y fuertes inundaciones en otras.

A nivel ambiental, los cambios en temperaturas y precipitación implican cambios en la eficacia de los procesos naturales y en el ciclo del agua. En el largo plazo se esperan efectos fisiológicos en las plantas, por el incremento de la evapotranspiración de las hojas, el calor excesivo provocará mayor deshidratación foliar, y en los bosques predominarán las especies espinosas o de hoja pequeña, como los cactus, más eficientes en el uso del agua, favoreciendo un cambio en la composición de los bosques.

Con relación al suelo, la reducción de humedad edáfica al incrementar la evaporación diaria trae como resultado menos agua disponible para las plantas y para consumo humano, incrementando con esto las situaciones de sequía agrícola. A ello se agrega que los procesos de degradación de suelos ponen en riesgo grandes áreas de producción agropecuaria, la sostenibilidad de los bosques debido a la presión sobre los recursos, la disponibilidad de la calidad del agua debido al incremento de la sedimentación de ríos y embalses.

En determinadas regiones, la reducción de la escorrentía tiene efectos en la reducción del caudal de los ríos, el incremento del estrés hídrico y situaciones importantes de escasez de agua proyectadas en escenarios de mediano y largo plazo. También como efecto de la reducción de la escorrentía, se puede presentar una disminución de la generación eléctrica, que constituye, en la actualidad, la principal fuente de energía renovable, como es el caso de Costa Rica.

Los ecosistemas naturales por efecto del cambio climático, se podrían degradar con modificaciones en la estructura, composición y dinámica de los ecosistemas provocando con ello el desplazamiento o desaparición de especies animales y vegetales a nivel local, silvestres y domesticadas, que no logren acomodarse a los cambios de temperatura y patrones de lluvias. Esto deteriorará las fuentes de alimentos, recursos de bienes comerciales de las familias rurales, incrementando el riesgo de agravar los niveles de pobreza, malnutrición y hambre.

El aumento de la temperatura del mar, la erosión costera y la eutrofización[1] de las aguas, tiene efectos directos en el blanqueamiento y muerte de los arrecifes de coral, en la reducción de la pesca, el desplazamiento obligado de algunas poblaciones costeras a territorios más elevados y la salinización de algunas fuentes de agua dulce y suelos agrícolas.

Por efecto del cambio climático se tendrán consecuencias negativas importantes en la infraestructura social, económica, productiva y ambiental, con efectos significativos en las dinámicas económicas por los daños que causan.

La salud humana es particularmente sensible a los cambios en los patrones del tiempo y otros aspectos asociados al cambio climático. La dispersión de enfermedades transmitidas por mosquitos y los brotes de enfermedades infecciosas y de otro orden, las asociadas a la falta de alimentos, el calor y el acceso al agua, con efectos negativos en el bienestar de la población y en su capacidad productiva.

De gran importancia, para el conjunto de la sociedad y especialmente para el medio rural, es el efecto negativo del cambio climático en las infraestructuras de diferentes tipos, como consecuencia de los eventos climáticos extremos tales como: derrumbes, destrucción de redes eléctricas, acueductos y alcantarillados, viviendas, centros de comercio y bienes públicos de convivencia ciudadana y los sistemas de comunicación.

Adicionalmente se debe considerar y evaluar la resiliencia de los ecosistemas naturales terrestres al cambio climático y los efectos que pueda ejercer tanto sobre la fauna y flora como sobre la idoneidad de las zonas y tierras tradicionalmente asociadas a las actividades agrícolas y a la productividad de cultivos específicos, junto a las medidas de adaptación y previsión del impacto que puedan tener en los medios de producción y subsistencia de las comunidades rurales y agrodependientes.

Con lo anterior, se está afirmando el carácter integral que deben de tener las políticas públicas y la organización institucional respectiva para enfrentar los retos planteados por el cambio climático, no sólo para asegurar la producción, distribución y consumo de alimentos, sino además las condiciones del hábitat humano y natural y la preservación de la vida sobre el planeta.

De esta manera, las políticas públicas deben ser formuladas en esos términos, sistémicas y holísticas, fundamentadas en evidencia científica que aclare el panorama de riesgos y medidas en materia de adaptación y resiliencia que deben formularse y lo que es más importante, tomando en consideración la viabilidad de su aplicación, no sólo considerando la eficiencia institucional, que es muy importante, sino la activa y comprometida participación de la población rural, tanto en su diseño como en su aplicación.

Esto implica necesariamente adoptar enfoques institucionales nuevos, que sean capaces de identificar, valorizar y potenciar los recursos endógenos de los territorios rurales, principalmente la activación de su propia población, su formación y empoderamiento en plataformas de diálogo y negociación que posibiliten una nueva generación de políticas de carácter ascendente, que puedan ser incluidas en las iniciativas nacionales de carácter estratégico.

Tales políticas, deberán trascender de políticas gubernamentales a políticas de Estado, que puedan darle una visión y permanencia de largo plazo al desarrollo de la ruralidad de nuestros países, considerando las diferencias de los diferentes territorios, y con ello, superar el cortoplacismo que ha imperado en muchos de ellos.

Es entonces, un cambio institucional transcendente, en el cual las políticas públicas y la acción institucional transiten del centralismo, la imposición y el clientelismo, hacia la descentralización territorial, la participación ciudadana, sustentadas en evidencia y en el diálogo social, el fortalecimiento de los sujetos sociales y la dinamización de las potencialidades de los territorios rurales histórica y socialmente excluidos.

 Dicho cambio debe orientarse hacia la territorialidad y los retos específicos de cara a las medidas de adaptabilidad y resiliencia que este enfoque enmarca, considerando que los efectos del calentamiento global y el cambio climático generará profundos cambios en las condiciones hidrológicas y climáticas, en donde algunos territorios perderán áreas  aptas  o dedicadas para los cultivos que son su base económica y de subsistencia mientras otros presentarán condiciones socioeconómicas y ambientales que les permitirán enfrentar los impactos con mayores fortalezas.

Una nueva institucionalidad bajo esta visión territorial del desarrollo rural, posibilitará afrontar el tema alimentario y productivo desde una óptica de vulnerabilidad y fortalezas ante el cambio climático, en la medida en que abordarán sus consecuencias con la capacidad de analizar sus vulnerabilidad y potencialidades con base en los acervos de información y datos científicos y los recursos naturales, ecológicos, sociales y culturales existentes en los mismos territorios rurales, con un acompañamiento estratégico de parte del Estado y no con una postura sustitutiva, centralista, poco eficiente y eficaz, como ha sido una buena parte de la experiencia histórica de nuestros países.

Cambiar el abordaje por parte del Estado, del desarrollo de  los asentamientos campesinos( como se les ha denominado durante muchos años) ,delimitados con una visión segregada, independiente uno de otro, a una visión de desarrollo de los territorios rurales definidos y considerados como  unidades geográficas que desarrollen las actividades rurales derivadas del aprovechamiento de sus recursos naturales, ecología,  forma de organización,  cultura,  clima, y  costumbres, entre otros, permitirá la apropiación de una estrategia de adaptación al cambio climático y una previsión para el aprovechamiento eficiente de sus recursos naturales, económicos, sociales y culturales que coadyuven al desarrollo de estos territorios rurales, condición absolutamente necesaria para asegurar la seguridad alimentaria de las regiones más deprimidas y por ende las naciones.  

San José, Costa Rica

29 noviembre 2017

[1] Acumulación de nutrientes orgánicos e inorgánicos