All references cited in the JECFA Toolbox guidance documents are listed below, followed by resources for additional reading.

References

CAC (Codex Alimentarius Commission). 1999. CAC/GL 30-1999: Principles and guidelines for the conduct of microbiological risk assessment (Amendments 2012, 2014). Codex Alimentarius Commission.

FAO & WHO. 2016. Residue Evaluation of Certain Veterinary Drugs. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives - 81st Meeting. FAO JECFA Monograph 18.

FAO & WHO. 2018. FAO/WHO Chronic individual food consumption database – Summary statistics.

FAO & WHO. 2020. Residue evaluation of certain veterinary drugs. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives – 88th Meeting 2019. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) Monographs No. 24. Rome.

FAO & WHO. 2021. Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) and Risk Management Recommendations (RMRs) for Residues of Veterinary Drugs in Foods. CX/MRL 2-2021. Codex Alimentarius International Food Standards.

Hall, C. 2017. Marker residue depletion following oral administration of Quixalud inFeed (Halquinol 700 ppm) to swine for 10 consecutive days. Study Number NAH-16- 067. Sponsor submitted.

Piñeiro, S.A., Cerniglia, C.E. 2021. Antimicrobial drug residues in animal-derived foods: Potential impact on the human intestinal microbiome. J vet Pharmacol Ther; 44:215-222.

Salleras, L., Domínguez, A., Mata, E., Taberber, J.L., Moro, I. & Salvà, P. 1995. Epidemiologic study of an outbreak of clenbuterol poisoning in Catalonia, Spain. Public Health Rep, 110(3): 338-42. PMID: 7610227.

VICH (International Cooperation on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Veterinary Medicinal Products). 2004a. Studies to evaluate the safety of residues of veterinary drugs in human food: Reproduction testing. VICH GL22 (Safety: Reproduction). June 2001 - Implemented on 1 August 2002 - Revision 1 of May 2004.

VICH. 2004b. Studies to evaluate the safety of residues of veterinary drugs in human food: Developmental toxicity testing. VICH GL32 (Safety: Developmental Toxicity). October 2002 - For implementation in October 2003 (Except EU: later date) - Revision 1 of May 2004.

VICH. 2004c. Studies to evaluate the safety of residues of veterinary drug in human food: carcinogenicity testing (Revision at Step 9). VICH GL28 (Safety: Carcinogenicity) October 2004 - Implemented in March 2006.

VICH. 2011. Studies to evaluate the metabolism and residue kinetics of veterinary drugs in food-producing animals: Metabolism study to determine the quantity and identify the nature of residues. VICH GL46 (MRK) - February 2011 - Implemented in February 2012.

VICH. 2014. Studies to evaluate the safety of residues of veterinary drugs in human food: Genotoxicity Testing. VICH GL23(R) (Safety: Genotoxicity) October 2014 - Implemented in October 2015.

VICH. 2015a. Studies to evaluate the metabolism and residue kinetics of veterinary drugs in food-producing animals: Marker residue depletion studies to establish product withdrawal periods. VICH GL48(R) (MRK) - February 2015 - Implemented in January 2016.

VICH. 2015b. Studies to evaluate the metabolism and residue kinetics of veterinary drugs in food-producing animals: Validation of analytical methods used in residue depletion studies. VICH GL49(R) (MRK) - January 2015 - Implemented in January 2016.

VICH. 2016. Studies to Evaluate the Safety of Residues of Veterinary Drugs in Human Food: General Approach to Establish an Acute Reference Dose (ARfD). VICH GL54 (Safety) November 2016 - For implementation by November 2017.

WHO & FAO. 2009. Principles and methods for the risk assessment of chemicals in food. Environmental Health Criteria 240. Geneva, World Health Organization.  

WHO. 2021. WHO Human Health Risk Assessment Toolkit: Chemical Hazards, second edition

 Additional reading

VICH. Guidelines - Toxicology

VICH. Guidelines - Antimicrobial safety

VICH. Guidelines - Metabolism and residue kinetics

Codex Committee on Residues of Veterinary Drugs in Foods (CCRVDF). Glossary of terms and definitions (Residues of Veterinary Drugs in Foods)