A global study across Brazil, Ghana, and Indonesia reveals that limited pollination, rather than soil nutrients, restricts cocoa yield—hand-pollination boosts yields by ~20%. Cooler conditions further increase yield by up to 31%, underscoring the importance of pollinators, soil health, and climate adaptation for sustainable cocoa production.
A comprehensive review of Cambodia's four native honeybee species (Apis dorsata, A. cerana, A. florea, A. andreniformis) reveals urgent conservation challenges—habitat loss, unsustainable harvesting, weak beekeeping infrastructure—and recommends strengthening research, training, sustainable practices, and value chains.
