Small Island Developing States, Least Developed Countries and Landlocked Developing Countries

Landlocked Developing Countries (LLDCs)

LLDCs are 32 nations, including 16 Least Developed Countries (LDCs), that face distinct development challenges due to their lack of direct access to the sea. This geographical constraint raises trade and transport costs, limits integration into global markets, and slows economic growth. These countries depend heavily on neighbouring states for transit, making them vulnerable to external shocks and logistical bottlenecks. Inadequate infrastructure, limited productive capacity, and reliance on a narrow range of commodities further hinder sustainable development.

Agrifood systems offer LLDCs a strategic opportunity to overcome these limitations and foster economic diversification. By investing in sustainable agriculture, improving infrastructure, and strengthening regional trade integration, they can reduce vulnerability and build more resilient food systems.

FAO's support to LLDCs
Recognizing the persistent structural challenges faced by Landlocked Developing Countries (LLDCs), FAO supports the design and implementation of innovative, country‑led approaches to transform agrifood systems. Through tailored technical assistance and policy support, FAO works closely with governments and local stakeholders to enhance agricultural productivity, diversify livelihoods, and strengthen value chains in a sustainable and inclusive manner. A core pillar of this support is the promotion of climate‑smart practices that build resilience to increasingly erratic climate conditions. FAO also advances institutional capacity‑building, digital and logistical solutions, and improved access to finance and regional markets, helping LLDCs address structural constraints, strengthen food security and nutrition, and progress towards sustainable development.

List of LLDCs