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Dear HLPE colleagues,
please kindly find attached the CSIPM contribution for the consultation on the scope of the report on Building Resilient food systems.
Warm regards,
The CSIPM Secretariat
Building resilient food systems - HLPE-FSN consultation on the scope of the report –
CSIPM submission
General points
- CSIPM attaches great importance to this workstream, which is central to the goal of radical transformation of our food systems in a direction of equity, sustainability and respect for the right to food. We would have liked to see it situated at the end of the MYPoW, in order to draw on the outcomes of other workstreams and on four years of discussions regarding controversial, structural issues in the ‘Collaborative governance for coordinated policy response’ platform. Nonetheless the HLPE report on this topic can make an important contribution towards achieving the CFS vision.
- To do so, it is important to avoid the trap of ‘shock’-oriented thinking about resilience. The need is, rather, to address the structural causes of the multiple, interlinking crises and shocks that afflict the world today. Where do they come from? The question is how to prevent them, rather than how to tinker with their effects. What do we need to do to build a ‘shock-free’ world? Indeed, the HLPE added ‘enduring’ to the title of its periodic note on FSN issues precisely because fundamental food provisioning-related problems continue to be disregarded.
- In this regard it can be useful, as the HLPE has done in the past, to seek coherence between immediate responses to shocks and long-term transformation of food systems, and seek privilege short-term measures that build towards transformation.
- It is equally important to avoid seeking ‘balanced’ analysis that accommodates all perspectives. The HLPE should lay out the evidence as it is, highlighting conflictual viewpoints rather than toning them down, and spelling out the foreseeable consequences of different policy directions. Who benefits and who loses? Then, it is up to governments to take decisions based on the evidence and, if they ignore it, to be held to account. It would be particularly important to highlight the implications of different policy choices for most affected countries and constituencies, whose voices need to be heard strongly in the CFS.
- We also suggest that the report be careful in adopting the slippery language of ‘trade-offs’. Some goals are not subject to trade-off reasoning – e.g. respect for human rights. Also, trade-off reasoning tends to be expressed in binary terms that excludes other possibilities. E.g. ensuring ‘fair prices for producers’ covering the costs of production does not necessarily translate into unaffordable prices for poor consumers.
- We urge the HLPE to put ‘agency’ at the center of the report and identify those groups whose reinforced agency is most likely to lead in a direction of resilience rooted in equity and right to food. While the draft scope of the report refers to families and communities there is a curious lack of mention of organized groups/movements of small-scale food producers and other most affected constituencies who are fundamental actors in food systems and whose advocacy can build the political will required to fuel deep transformation.
Issue areas to be included in the report’s scope
- The right to food and all interlinked human rights should be the guiding principle of the report’s analysis and recommendations, being the guiding principle for the overall concept of resilient food systems and to its different components, at all levels. The work that is being carried out around the 20th anniversary of the voluntary guidelines on the right to food should provide rich material for reflection, as should a rights-based action plan on uptake of CFS outcomes and discussions in the Collaborative Governance for Coordinated Policy Responses. The concept of intersectionality (among vulnerabilities and among HRs), currently encountering difficulties in the Inequalities negotiations, should be clarified and consecrated.
The report should explore how other UN institutions, especially but not limited to the three Rio Conventions, can best integrate the right to food approach and implementation of the right to food guidelines the into their work related food systems. Further suggestions should be developed how the uptake of CFS products can be ensured and improved by other UN institutions the same accounts for the inclusive way of participation in the CFS. To build resilient food systems it is paramount that the whole UN Systems is coherent on the right to food and friendly to participation of affected groups. The report should contribute to the debate how to establish this coherence and improve inclusivity.
- Food sovereignty is a concept and practice that the CSIPM has been seeking to include in the CFS lexicon for years. Perhaps this report provides an opportunity to do so, and to clarify the meaning that is attached to the term now that numerous national and regional authorities are adopting it with quite different perspectives than those of the food sovereignty movement that launched it some three decades ago.
- The issue of corporate concentration in globalized food supply chains, with a handful of transnational firms dominating the different areas of food provisioning - from input supply to staple crop production, food trade, processing and retail – was highlighted in the rationale for ‘building resilient and equitable supply chains’ in the 2022 CEEI note, but seems to have gotten lost in the draft scope. It is essential to include it in the finalized scope since resilience requires diversity, which cannot be obtained in the current conditions of power differentials.
- Trade is one of the key ‘enduring’ issues identified by the HLPE (2017 CEEI note) but not addressed by the CFS thus far. While voices that resist changes in global trade regimes argue speciously that trade can only be discussed in the WTO, it is evident that the impacts of different trade regimes on FSN, particularly in most affected countries and on most affected constituencies, can best be addressed in the CFS given its inclusive composition and its mandate to defend the right to food for all. This point was made in the policy recommendations on Connecting Smallholders to Markets. The need for better protection for countries that depend on food imports was underlined in the HLPE note on COVID, and stronger regulations on food commodity markets was advocated in the note on the war in Ukraine. Trade issues, including food stocks, are being hotly debated in the negotiations on Inequalities. These issues were well-framed in questions 4 and 5 of the section on resilient food systems in the 2022 CEEI note, which should be included in the finalized scope of the report. The HLPE is invited to familiarize itself with the evidence that supports the advisability of reintroducing various forms of market regulation, and the work underway – led by La Via Campesina – to reframe global trade rules from a food sovereignty perspective.
- Contribution of industrial food systems to climate change, biodiversity loss, desertification and other land degradation. The report could take stock of the findings on the environmental destruction caused by industrial food systems and offer avenues to phase out from industrial agriculture, pesticides and chemical fertilisers’ dependence. As the legitimate science-policy interface on food systems it is important that the HLPE shows a clear and holistic picture of the impacts (not only climate-related but also biodiversity, human rights…) so that this evidence can be considered in other UN foras, such as the 3 Rio Conventions.
- Financialization and governance of the financial systems is another key ‘enduring’ issue, cited already in the 2014 issues paper, that has not yet been adequately addressed in the CFS. The very first HLPE report (2011) discussed the role of speculation in connection with the 2007-2008 food crisis. The debt crisis affecting countries dependent on food imports, in particular, has been highlighted in the issues paper on COVID and in the report on Inequalities and is being intensely debated in the negotiations. The need for more stringent regulation of financial markets and for overall reform of financial governance is a key topic in the UNCTAD 2023 Trade and Development Report.
- Who is the ‘Private Sector’ and how to handle it? There is a deplorable haziness in use of the term ‘private sector’, not only in the CFS but in general. FAO’s strategy for private sector engagement lists various components of the sector, from small-scale farmers organizations to multinational corporations, without noting the essential differences in their interests and the logics of their operations. The CFS rai principles, instead, distinguish clearly between ‘smallholders and their organizations’ and ‘business enterprises including farmers’ and reiterates the fact that the former are the main investors in their own agriculture. It would be important for the HLPE report to clarify the differentiated implications in terms of building resilient food systems of supporting engagement by actors whose primary ‘bottom lines’ include reproduction of the family, maintenance of peace in the community, and transmission of territory to the next generation, and supporting engagement by those who operate in function of generating profits for shareholders.
- Following on from this point, we would like to underline the priority that needs to be attached to public sector financing and regulation. The idea of ‘incentivizing’ PS strategies and investments’, as suggested in the draft scope, needs to be re-examined in a right to food perspective in which democratically-determined public policy provides direction for investment, not the contrary, taking also into account the considerable evidence that critiques the effectiveness of corporate self-regulation. In the words of an African peasant leader (Mamadou Cissoko): We don’t want ‘responsible investors’. We want a legislative framework that protects us effectively and investors who are obliged to
respect the law”.
- People’s access to and control over land, water, seeds is a fundamental basis for resilient and equitable food systems and for maintaining biodiversity. Relevant CFS policy outcomes include the VGGTs and the Policy Recommendations on Water for FSN. The UN declarations UNDROP and UNDRIP should also be recalled.
- More resilient food production systems privileging agroecological approaches over industrial agriculture was a key recommendation in the HLPE issues paper on COVID and was advocated in the HLPE report on ‘Agroecological and other innovative approaches for sustainable agriculture and food systems that enhance food security and nutrition’. Unfortunately, the negotiations on this topic failed to maintain the clarity present in the HLPE report, and the concept of ‘agroecology’ is in danger of being reduced to a package of technical practices that can be co-opted by corporate technology and retailing. It is essential to revisit this issue in the current report since a broad understanding of agroecology – including its social, cultural, and political dimensions – is a fundamental basis for resilient and equitable food systems.
- Territorial markets/food systems need to be strengthened and expanded, as recognized in the CFS policy recommendations on ‘Connecting Smallholders to Markets’ and the HLPE issue paper on COVID, which recommended shorter supply chains supported by investment in appropriate infrastructure. The draft scope seems to imply that both global and domestic food supply chains suffer from vulnerabilities, without recognizing that the fragilities of global industrial chains are inherent in their nature, whereas those of domestic food provisioning systems are a result of inadequate policy and financing support and can be corrected. More generally, we adhere to the comments made by Marc Wegerife in response to this e-consultation regarding the need to go beyond ‘supply chain’ thinking.
- Gender equity and opportunities for youth. The report should showcase how gender transformative approaches offer great opportunities to build equitable and resilient food systems for all. Without a strong gender perspective in the report, resilience-building approaches may be gender-blind or worse, further marginalise women and gender diverse persons. The report must also integrate resilience building for future generations, including for young and future food producers, by considering land reform, and youth rights to land, water, seeds…
- Democratic decision-making at all levels vs governance fragmentation and multi-stakeholderism. Multi-stakeholder initiatives do not address power relations between actors and nurture the false impression that “there is space for everyone around the table” and that it is possible to reach consensus between actors that are benefitting from the flaws of the food system and those that are negatively affected by it. Instead, experience and research indicate that – not surprisingly – in such a line-up the interests of the more powerful actors tend to prevail and the foundations of democratic governance are threatened. The HLPE report on the topic concurs that there is a risk for multistakeholder platforms ‘to reproduce existing power asymmetries and to strengthen the position of more powerful actors’. The multistakeholder narrative reposes on the dangerous misconception that the corporate private sector constitutes an indispensable ally in attaining public goals and can be counted on to ‘responsibly’ regulate its appetite for profit-making in the name of social, environmental and human rights objectives. This supposition has been questioned in research that has been building up for over a decade which demonstrates that corporations join multistakeholder platforms that align with their business interests and, correspondingly, that multistakeholder initiatives tend to be shaped with an eye to attracting private sector participation. The situation is aggravated by the increasing concentration of corporate power in agri-food chains over the past years, which is translating into increased influence on food governance.
- Monitoring and accountability. The report should highlight how clear regulations and accountability frameworks for holding private actors, including companies, accountable for actions that interfere with the public policy objectives that aim towards building resilient food systems.
Resources:
- The two Voices from the Gound reports
- The African autonomous assessment report:
- The African declaration ‘Grassroots impacts of COVID-19, conflicts and crises on the right to food and food sovereignty in Africa’: https://www.csm4cfs.org/declaration-grassroots-impacts-of-covid-19-conflicts-and-crises-on-the-right-to-food-and-food-sovereignty-in-africa/
- Nyeleni ECA input to FAO Regional Conference agenda item on building agrifood resilience.
- CSIPM vision statement on food systems and nutrition:
- CSIPM report « without feminisms, there is no agroecology»
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CSIPM Comment to HLPE consultation on the V0 draft of the HLPE 3rd Note on Critical, Emerging and Enduring Issues (CEEI), 22 May 2022
A. General remarks:
The periodic HLPE CEEI note is a highlight of the CFS policy process, since it represents the moment in which this unique team of analysts is given an opportunity to step back from specific assignments and share with CFS Members and participants its overall reflections regarding what is on the horizon to which the Committee needs to be attentive. Framing the context of this reflection is, of course, a fundamental part of the exercise. Past CEEI notes have defined the terms ‘critical and emerging’ and have clarified the criteria for identifying them [1]. We urge the HLPE to revisit and deepen this framing section of the note in light of the updated conceptual and policy frameworks as described in the 2020 HLPE global narrative report, taking into account the 6 dimensions of FSN, and given the addition of the term ‘enduring’. We welcome the fact that the scope is further expanded to the notion of “enduring” issues. This recognizes the need not only to identify critical and emerging issues, but also to look at WHY already existing issues are not being addressed adequately. In clarifying what is meant by “enduring”, it is critical that the note identifies the structural causes or drivers of why many issues are not just persisting but worsening.
We also welcome the inclusion of some themes of high importance to the CSIPM, such as the those on revitalizing climate policies for food security and nutrition and on recognizing the role and rights of food system workers. We note that, the issue of agricultural workers’ rights was already a pressing one presented by the CSIPM on 2016 [2], and it is still and should be addressed by the HLPE note on CEEI.
The CSIPM recognizes that, although certain issues have been analyzed by the HLPE, discussed and negotiated at the CFS, they have not been addressed appropriately and therefore remain critical and enduring. We refer to our critical assessments of the policy convergence processes related to Food Systems and Nutrition and s to Agroecology and other Innovations, motivated by the fact that the outcomes were inadequate to address the concerns of our constituencies and communities. Despite widespread political engagements to end hunger, among other international commitments, there is a growing gap between engagements and policies, on the one hand, and the realities and challenges faced by the communities in their territories on the other. The CEEI report should identify the critical issues that point to systemic failures of the current dominant agro-industrial food system, further aggravated by the COVID-19 pandemic and the food price crisis resulting from the war in Ukraine. This gap also highlights the need for much stronger food governance mechanisms at different scales and across different sectors.
This worsening reality calls, as the HLPE global narrative highlighted, for a comprehensive food systems analysis of the different issues and the need for radical transformation of food systems. The CEEI note should apply this systems analysis, point to links between the CEEIs and explain why certain issues need to be prioritized by the CFS on the basis of their capacity to bring about transformational leverage of food systems rather than simply making incremental contributions to “improving” or “alleviating” impacts without addressing the root causes of the CEEIs. The 0 draft is limited in this respect as it is mainly a description of 7 separate issues.
The HLPE CEEI note will be a major contribution to the CFS 50 in a context of one of the most severe multi-layered food crisis in decades. Therefore, it should further build on and update the analysis of the trends, challenges and opportunities of the global narrative report, including the causes, vulnerabilities and obstacles exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, the war in Ukraine and other conflicts, and climate impacts. The multiple crisis highlights the need for global coordination, as already recommended in recent HLPE reports. This note should include elements on how improved coordination and good governance can be envisaged at different scales and across sectors.
B. Propositions of other relevant issues
Several themes have been highlighted in the consultations within the CSIPM. As highlighted in the CSIPM comments on the proposed HLPE theme for the 2024 report, the three topics proposed by the HLPE note, as integrated in the 0 draft, are all relevant to CSIPM constituencies. Several issues put forward previously by the CSIPM remain pressing and critical: agrobiodiversity and genetic resources [3], impacts of trade policies [4]. The issue of how to achieve radical transformation of food systems remains on the agenda, as was shown by the low ambition of the CFS outcomes on agroecology and food systems and nutrition. Other issues have been identified as pressing critical issues: market concentration [5], growing landlessness, migration, human rights violations, food governance.
Compared to the previous HLPE notes on CEI, the specific issue of “Strengthening governance of food systems for an improved FSN” has not been taken up as a separate issue. Past note highlighted that “Agriculture and food systems will need a radical transformation in the future decades. This will require an improved governance. Among the key challenges: how to better articulate governance systems at different scales and across different sectors in the overall framework of the 2030 Agenda and in the perspective of the progressive realization of the right to adequate food?” [6] This issue is even more urgent today.
The current food multilayered food crisis has shown the dependencies and fragility of international trade and global value chains, as well as the resilience of local, diversified, agroecological territorial food systems. The HLPE already identified the need to address the impacts of Trade on FSN as a critical issue [7]. The report “Voices from the ground” underlined that the COVID-19 crisis “has demonstrated that increased liberalisation of trade goes hand in hand with increased vulnerability and shocks for food importing countries. While regional and international trade can play an important role in the short term to prevent hunger and food-related conflicts, it must be subject to enforceable regulation that upholds the public interest. States must reaffirm their sovereign regulatory role over markets, including through stopping food-related speculation and derivatives, regulating prices, public procurements, public storage and market regulation, secure land and resource rights, enforced labour inspections and mandatory environmental laws.” [8] The UN Special Rapporteur concludes that “Until now, trade policy has primarily focused on economic frameworks and has either ignored or marginalized people’s human rights concerns. (…) International trade is of particular importance and a core element that must be addressed to ensure the full realization of the right to food. [9] This has becoming even more pressing today with the current crisis. It is further marginalizing small scale food producers who are the main protagonists for feeding the world sustainably.
With the current food price crisis we face, the third in 15 years, there is once again a re-emerging issue we face that was identified in the first HLPE note: “The increasing role of financial markets in food security and nutrition” [10]. This shows that the CEEI note should analyze why measures taken since the food crisis of 2007-08 have been insufficient. Financial markets play a major role in many dimensions of food systems. They are evident in the consolidation of power concentration in food systems, including through land grabs, acquisitions, investments in technologies. Financial markets are also important in commodity markets with, among others, indexed commodity funds, that link a number of commodities together, shifting the investor’s interest away from prices in any given commodity towards risk-hedging investments in a bundle of unrelated commodities. The rules of investment and finance are profoundly important in shaping economies and the transition of food systems.
To conclude, we urge the HLPE to develop a note that identifies the structural causes or drivers of the multilayered food crisis that need be addressed to achieve the urgent and radical transformation of our food systems grounded in human rights. The CFS has the mandate and the capacity to address the fragilities of the world’s food system which the current crisis is dramatically highlighting. It has the mandate to coordinate responses that place the needs of workers, migrants, women, smallholder food producers, Indigenous Peoples, consumers, the urban food insecure, refugees and displaced, the landless and communities in protracted crises at the center of policy proposals.
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[1] See, https://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/hlpe/hlpe_documents/Critical_…, p 3 to 5
[2] https://www.csm4cfs.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/CSM-Proposal-Plantat…
[3] https://www.csm4cfs.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/CSM-Proposal-HLPE-Re…
[4] https://www.csm4cfs.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/CSM-Proposal-HLPE-Re…
[5] https://www.csm4cfs.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/CSM-Proposal-Market-…
[6] https://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/hlpe/hlpe_documents/Critical-…
[7] https://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/hlpe/hlpe_documents/Critical-…
[8] https://www.csm4cfs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/EN-COVID_FULL_REPORT…
[9] https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N20/191/75/PDF/N2019175.p…
[10] https://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/hlpe/hlpe_documents/Critical_…
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CSM’s collective contribution to the CFS e-consultation
The Civil Society and Indigenous Peoples’ Mechanism (CSM) facilitates the voices from sectors of those most affected by hunger and malnutrition. Through an active internal consultation, which has been ongoing for the past 6 months with all sub-regions and constituencies, we have drafted the following common position to convey our messages, experiences and demands for the CFS policy convergence process on Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment (GEWE).
Through this extensive CSM contribution, we are contributing from the knowledge and experiences from territories of all regions. We feel this document is of particular importance given the absence of an HLPE report for this CFS policy process. We have suggested a number of very fundamental changes, and we look forward to them being reflected in the process and in the document that will come out of the Regional and online Consultations.
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Dear CFS colleagues,
On behalf of the Civil Society and Indigenous Peoples' Mechanism (CSM) Working Group for Food Systems and Nutrition, we are pleased to share our collective submission and comments on the Voluntary Guidelines on Food Systems and Nutrition.
Best regards,
CSM WG on Food Systems and Nutrition
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Magdalena Ackermann
Estimados colegas del GANESAN,
adjuntamos la contribución del MSCPI a la consulta sobre el alcance del informe sobre la creación de sistemas alimentarios resilientes.
Un cordial saludo,
Secretaría del MSCPI en nombre del Grupo de Trabajo sobre conocimientos y sistemas alimentarios de Pueblos Indígenas del MSCPI
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Insumo del Mecanismo de la Sociedad Cívil y Pueblos Indígenas (MSCPI)
Opiniones iniciales
El nombre del estudio se refiere a la “Conservación, fortalecimiento y promoción de los sistemas alimentarios y de conocimientos y las prácticas tradicionales de los Pueblos Indígenas en favor de los sistemas alimentarios sostenibles”.
Al respecto del uso de la palabra “tradicionales” en referencia a los conocimientos, si bien en el artículo 31 de la Declaración de las Naciones unidas sobre los Derechos de los Pueblos Indígenas se encuentran las expresiones: “conocimientos tradicionales y expresiones culturales tradicionales”; esta redacción por parte de los Estados sigue siendo etnocéntrico, racista y clasista; en consecuencia, devalúa el sistema de conocimientos de los Pueblos Indígenas. Esta corriente es cuidada celosamente por la UNESCO que no representa la voz, los intereses y los derechos de los Pueblos Indígenas.
El Relator Especial sobre los derechos de los Pueblos Indígenas, José Francisco Calí Tzay en su estudio: Las mujeres indígenas y el desarrollo, la aplicación, la preservación y la transmisión de los conocimientos científicos y técnicos (2022) posiciona el uso de la expresión “conocimientos científicos y técnicos” en vez de conocimientos “tradicionales” o “consuetudinarios” atendiendo a las peticiones de evitar términos que devalúen las ideas de los Pueblos Indígenas. Históricamente, los conocimientos indígenas se han considerado primitivos, inferiores, poco científicos, supersticiosos o incluso peligrosos. Calificar los conocimientos indígenas de “científicos y técnicos” resalta el hecho de que se basan en observaciones y tienen un carácter contemporáneo y dinámico y no estático ni fijo en el tiempo. Subraya además que los conocimientos indígenas son un conjunto sofisticado de formas de comprensión cuyo valor no es inferior al de otros tipos de conocimientos que a menudo constituyen el fundamento de la ciencia “occidental”. Por ejemplo, actualmente los científicos reivindican que se reconozcan y apoyen los sistemas de conocimientos científicos indígenas para preservar los recursos naturales y mitigar los efectos del cambio climático (A/HRC/51/28 párrafo 8).
En síntesis, se pretende no supeditar los conocimientos de los Pueblos Indígenas a otros sistemas, ni en la teoría ni en la práctica.
El siguiente caso ilustra lo que se viene planteando[1]:
Lideres de la Comunidad Puerto Arica, departamento de Amazonas, Colombia; se encuentran sumamente preocupados ante decisión de los funcionarios de excluir los sistemas alimentarios indígenas del programa gubernamental de auxilio alimentario. Argumentan falta de información técnico-científico que lo respalda, por lo tanto, dudan de su eficacia.
Sorprendidos por dicha postura, en este momento los líderes estan buscando apoyo profesional con expertos en nutrición, ciencias químicas y trabajadores sociales para documentar qué nutrientes contiene la dieta indígena y demostrar que la misma es saludable. Con esta medida desean desmontar el mito que la desnutrición que flagela a las familias se debe a la cultura alimentaria de la comunidad.
Para verificar los dos párrafos ut supra pueden comunicarse con el señor Reynaldo Giagrecud (Autoridad indígena del Pueblo Witoto) al teléfono +57 310 5009499.
Por lo tanto el MSCPI sugiere que el próximo informe del GANESAN sobre conocimientos y sistemas alimentarios de Pueblos Indígenas analise qué se debe entender por el término “tradicional” teniendo en cuenta las consideraciones de arriba.
Respecto al Principio rector No. 1.
La Declaración de las Naciones Unidas sobre los Derechos de los Pueblos Indígenas debe ser el estándar central del estudio por ser la norma mínima para la supervivencia, la dignidad y el bienestar de los Pueblos Indígenas del mundo (art. 43 de la Declaración). Esta se complementa e integra con otras normas internacionales de derechos humanos (Art. 1 de la Declaración) incluyendo las Observaciones Generales de los Órganos de Tratados, recomendaciones de los procedimientos especiales, conclusiones de estudios e investigaciones de agencias especializadas, centros académicos y los aportes directos de los Pueblos Indígenas.
Algunos artículos pertinentes no excluyentes de la Declaración de utilidad para el presente proceso son:
Artículo 3: Los pueblos indígenas tienen derecho a la libre determinación. En virtud de ese derecho determinan libremente su condición política y persiguen libremente su desarrollo económico, social y cultural.
Artículo 18 referente a la participación en la adopción de decisiones en las cuestiones que afecten a sus derechos;
Artículo 20 sobre el derecho a disfrutar de forma segura de sus propios medios de subsistencia y desarrollo;
Artículo 23 sobre el derecho a determinar y a elaborar prioridades y estrategias para el ejercicio de su derecho al desarrollo;
Artículo 25 respecto a su relación espiritual con las tierras, territorios, aguas, mares costeros y otros recursos;
Artículo 26 respecto al derecho a las tierras, territorios y recursos;
Artículo 29.1 respecto al derecho a la conservación y protección del medio ambiente y de la capacidad productiva de sus tierras o territorios y recursos; y artículo 29.2 que no se almacenen ni eliminen materiales peligrosos en las tierras o territorios de los Pueblos Indígenas sin su consentimiento libre, previo e informado;
Artículo 31 el derecho a mantener, controlar, proteger y desarrollar sus ciencias, tecnologías y culturas, comprendidos los recursos humanos y genéticos, las semillas, las medicinas, el conocimiento de las propiedades de la fauna y la flora; y
Artículo 32 el derecho a determinar y elaborar las prioridades y estrategias para el desarrollo o la utilización de sus tierras o territorios y otros recursos.
Respecto al derecho de la naturaleza. No es necesario referirse a los derechos de la naturaleza como una categoría autónoma en el estudio, ya que la cosmopráctica de los Pueblos Indígenas por principio lo considera como una regla de vida.
La elaboración del presente estudio representa la oportunidad para crear un positivo precedente sobre la manera de elaborar estudios de manera conjunta con los Pueblos Indígenas.
Otros comentarios atendiendo las preguntas de la consulta
Los sistemas alimentarios y conocimientos de los Pueblos Indígenas han aportado a la humanidad desde tiempos inmemorables. Un ejemplo de ello ha sido la domesticación de especies claves como el maíz, maní, calabazas y yuca entre otras, que ha estado a disposición para la sobrevivencia de la humanidad; en el reciente azote del COVID-19 también aportaron respuestas y soluciones a dicha crisis[2].
En tal sentido no hay duda de que el estudio reflejará la contribución de los Pueblos Indígenas a la humanidad en la seguridad alimentaria y nutrición. Tal como se señala en el Convenio 169 de la OIT (Párr. preambular 7 y Art. 1, párr. 1 b).
En cuanto a la titularidad de derechos, se refiere entre otros, a la propiedad intelectual de los Pueblos Indígenas frente a la práctica extractiva del plagio, apropiación indebida, privatización, explotación en detrimento de los recursos y la humanidad en general o principalmente cuando las empresas pretenden tener dominio exclusivo sobre especies nativas en territorios de los Pueblos Indígenas.
La utilización de recetas o fórmulas propio de los Pueblos Indígenas puede estar sujeta a restricciones conforme a las prácticas y normas propias, algunas pueden ser del dominio público y, por lo tanto, cualquiera podría usarlas libremente. (Artículo XIX. Derecho a la protección del medio ambiente sano y Artículo XXVIII. Protección del Patrimonio Cultural y de la Propiedad Intelectual de la Declaración Americana sobre derechos de los Pueblos Indígena. DADIN)
Los retos respecto al consentimiento libre, previo e informado y el acceso y la distribución de beneficios son de carácter político, esquematizado de la siguiente manera:
Sin dichos engranajes políticos, los Pueblos Indígenas seguirán siendo periféricos para el Estado.
Se sugiere que junto al principio de Acceso y Participación en los Beneficios (APB, 2011) se incorpore un texto de salvaguarda de los conocimientos y derechos de los Pueblos Indígenas[3], de tal manera que la propiedad intelectual seguirá siendo de los propios pueblos, de ninguna manera será propiedad de la entidad responsable de la redacción el informe: GANESAN, CSA, agencias de la ONU u otra entidad. El caso: Ceremonia del djalambu publicado en La propiedad intelectual y la salvaguardia de las culturas tradicionales[4], Página del 9 al 63, OMPI 2010; ilustra claramente la necesidad de la salvaguarda.
Para la documentación de los aportes de los Pueblos Indígenas al informe, debe aplicarse el principio de propiedad colectiva considerando que los conocimientos, innovaciones y prácticas tiene esta base. La titularidad de la referencia lo debe tener el Pueblo Indígena de quien se hace alusión.
Respecto a la capacidad de acción. Los Pueblos Indígenas tienen el conocimiento y la capacidad de producir alimentos libres de tóxicos, sí y solo sí, no estén siendo hostigados en sus tierras y territorios por factores políticos y comerciales externos.
Esta capacidad será mucho más sostenible si se garantizara el apoyo de Estado en infraestructura para el riego, almacenamiento y transporte de la producción. Así como la promoción del acceso de los productos agroecológicos indígenas a los mercados internacionales.
Los Pueblos indígenas siempre han estado anuentes de compartir sus conocimientos toda vez sea para el servicio de la humanidad en condiciones libres sin privatización.
Entre otros instrumentos importantes/relevantes se puede indicar que los siguientes Órganos de Tratados han establecido directrices sobre la manera de garantizar los derechos de los Pueblos Indígenas:
También pueden ser de utilidad algunos elementos orientativos contenidos en las Directrices voluntarias Akwé: Kon para realizar evaluaciones de las repercusiones culturales, ambientales, y sociales de proyectos de desarrollo que hayan de realizarse en lugares sagrados o en tierras o aguas ocupadas o utilizadas tradicionalmente por las comunidades indígenas y locales, o que puedan afectar a esos lugares. Secretaría del Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biológica (2004).
Es importante considerar las Directrices Voluntarias sobre la Gobernanza Responsable de la Tenencia de la Tierra, Pesca y Bosques en el contexto de la Seguridad Alimentaria Nacional, en particular el capítulo 3.9. (Directrices voluntarias sobre la Gobernanza responsable de la tenencia de la tierra, la pesca y los bosques en el contexto de la seguridad alimentaria nacional)
https://www.cbd.int/doc/publications/akwe-brochure-es.pdf
También las Directrices sobre las cuestiones relativas a los Pueblos Indígenas del Grupo de Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo.
https://www.acnur.org/fileadmin/Documentos/Publicaciones/2010/7374.pdf
Respecto a las mejores prácticas, normas éticas y estrategias para abordar el cambio climático que deberían destacarse en el informe, se sugiere revisar la sección 13.6 y 13.7 del texto titulado: CONOCIMIENTO INDÍGENA Y CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO en el enlace: https://sgccc.org.gt/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/1RepCCGuaCap13.pdf
También es importante revisar el documento publicado por la FAO: Libro Blanco/Wiphala sobre sistemas alimentarios de los pueblos indígenas
En cuanto al entendimiento intercultural que debería de destacarse en el informe. Cabe prever que un tratamiento y valoración justa de los conocimientos de los Pueblos Indígenas como aporte a la humanidad, sin sobreponer sistemas; haría comprender el informe como una aproximación al diálogo interciencias, lo que motivaría la confianza de los Pueblos Indígenas, a la vez profundizar e incluso elaborar estudios más específicos.
Finalmente, el derecho a la consulta debe ser reflejada en la metodología del estudio, por ser un estado previo e integral del Consentimiento Libre, Previo e Informado. Ambas son interdependientes. Puede haber consulta sin que se logre el CLPI, pero nunca el CLPI sin consulta.
[1] Esta información se obtuvo por parte de quien escribe mediante visita y entrevista in situ desarrollado el 3 de octubre de 2024.
[2] Ver A/75/185 y A/HRC/48/54 presentados por el Relator Especial sobre los Derechos de los Pueblos Indígenas.
[3] Artículo XXVIII. Protección del Patrimonio Cultural y de la Propiedad Intelectual de la Declaración Americana sobre derechos de los Pueblos Indígena. DADIN)
[4] https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/es/tk/1023/wipo_pub_1023.pdf