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Sub-Saharan Africa HPAI situation update

10 September 2026, 08:30 hours; Rome

Situation: High pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) virus (H5, H5N1, H5N2, H5N6, H5N8, H7 and H7N6 subtypes) with pandemic potential in countries of Sub-Saharan Africa since February 2017.
Confirmed countries - H5: South Africa. H5N1: Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire*, Réunion (France), Gambia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Lesotho, Mali, Mauritania, Namibia*, Niger, Nigeria*, Senegal*, South Africa* and Togo*. H5N2: Nigeria and South Africa. H5N6: Nigeria. H5N8: Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, South Africa, Uganda, and Zimbabwe. H7: South Africa. H7N6: South Africa and Mozambique.
H5N1 HPAI clade 2.3.4.4b genotype B3.2 reached Australia and New Zealand. Since mid-June as of 8 September, 502 H5 positive events in wild birds and some mammals have been confirmed in Australia (of which 65 confirmed to be H5N1) and 3 in New Zealand. Genotype B3.2 is common in Latin America, and according to the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) the virus is believed to have reached Australia via the sub-Antarctic region. Historically, HPAI viruses have been introduced into Sub-Saharan Africa primarily from the north. However, Sub-Saharan Africa may also be at risk of HPAI introduction from the south. The genotype B3.2 has demonstrated the ability to infect poultry, as confirmed by detections in several Latin American countries. FAO encourages countries to further strengthen surveillance in domestic and wild birds, biosecurity measures using ‘One Health’ approach, and to remind farmers the value of biosecurity to protect their poultry.
Animal findings: 1 new event since the last update on 13 August 2026.
Number of human cases: no new event since the last update.

* Countries reporting cases in current wave (since 1 October 2025).

Map. Officially reported HPAI outbreaks (H5Nx and H7Nx subtypes) in sub-Saharan Africa, by onset date (1 October 2025 to date)

Map A shows confirmed HPAI events observed from 1 October 2025 to date. Map B shows HPAI events observed from 1 October 2024 to 30 September 2025.

Notes: Refer to the disclaimer available on this webpage for the names and boundaries in this map. Final boundary between the Republic of Sudan and the Republic of South Sudan has not yet been determined. Final status of the Abyei area is not yet determined.
Source: United Nations Geospatial. 2020. Map of the World. [Cited September 2025]. Modified with Emergency Prevention System Global Animal Disease Information System (EMPRES-i), WOAH and National Authorities data, 2026.

Situation update

Table. High pathogenicity avian influenza events reported in animals since 1 October 2025 (i.e. current wave)

VirusCountry (administrative regions affected)Last event observed# events reported since the last updateTotal #events since 1 October 2025Species affected since the last update (orange) and since 1 Oct. 2025 (black)

H5N1

Cote d`Ivoire (Zanzan)

15/04/2026

0

1

Poultry

Namibia
(Erongo, Karas)

03/02/2026

0

2

Common Tern, Swift Tern

Nigeria
(Bauchi, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Ogun, Plateau, Taraba)

22/06/2026

0

30

Chicken, Turkey, Poultry

Senegal (Dakar)

11/05/2026

0

1

Duck, Poultry

South Africa
(Eastern Cape, Limpopo, North West, Western Cape)

08/06/2026

1

41

Goose, Poultry, Domestic Non-poultry birds; African (Jackass) Penguin, Black Sparrowhawk, Brown Skua, Cape cormorant, Common Tern, Crowned cormorant, Egyptian Goose, Grey-headed gull, Grey Heron, Hartlaub's gull, Kelp Gull, Laridae, Litle stint, Reed Cormorant, Sacred ibis, Swift tern, White-backed Vulture, White-breasted cormorant

Togo (Maritime)

09/07/2026

0

5

Poultry

      

Data was retrieved from WOAH WAHIS portal and Sharing other important animal health information with WOAH page [link], government websites. Data cutoff time: reported on 10 September 2026, 8:30 CET. Bold: the first report of infection in the species. The full list of bird and mammalian species affected by H5Nx HPAI are here. For more information, consult dedicated webpage of 1: DFFE, South Africa.

For a summary of H5N1, H5N6, and H5N8 HPAI events reported in sub-Saharan African countries in previous waves (i.e. before 1 October 2024) please contact EMPRES-Animal Health

Peer-reviewed publications

Gadzhiev, A., Petherbridge, G., Alekseev, A., Mutashev, B., Sharshov, K., Sobolev, I., Daudova, M., Perkovskii, M., Fereidouni, S. & Shestopalov, A. 2026. Global dynamics of avian influenza: a twenty-year analysis of highly pathogenic viruses linking the Caspian Basin, Eurasia and Africa sectors (2005–2025). Front. Cell. Infect, Microbiol., 16:1795327. [reference] This review synthesizes virological, epidemiological and ecological evidence on HPAI HxNy virus movements from 2005 to 2025 across the Caspian Basin, Eurasia and Africa. It describes the Caspian–Black Sea region and aquatic bird flyways as key connectors for virus dispersal, including the spread of H5N1 into Africa, the establishment of H9N2 in Egypt and the Maghreb, and subsequent viral exchanges between Africa and Eurasia. The review highlights bidirectional virus movement across interconnected migratory flyways and describes Africa and Eurasia as part of a broader epidemiological continuum, emphasizing the need for integrated surveillance, early warning and coordinated responses across regions.

Morant, J., Santangeli, A., Plaza, P. & Lambertucci, S.A. 2026. Emerging threat of avian influenza to the world’s vultures. Conserv. Biol, e70372. [reference] This article highlights the growing threat posed by the ongoing HPAI H5N1 panzootic to vulture populations, many of which are already of conservation concern. Documented impacts include mass mortality of black and turkey vultures in the Americas, losses of California and Andean condors, and mortality and reduced reproductive performance in European vultures. The authors warn that limited surveillance, particularly in Africa and Asia, may underestimate the true impact of H5N1 and identify five priority areas for action: population and epidemiological monitoring, evaluation of vaccination where appropriate, safe carcass management, strengthened biosecurity during fieldwork and coordinated, context-specific transboundary conservation and health plans.

Shosha, E.A.E.M., Eldaghayes, I., Ali, A.A.H., Senosy Ali, W. & Elhayani, E.H. 2026. Protective efficacy evaluation of various inactivated vaccines against the newly circulated highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 of clade 2.3.4.4b in Pekin ducks. Viruses, 18(8):891. [reference] This experimental study evaluated the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of four commercial inactivated H5 vaccines in 150 Pekin ducks challenged with a recent Egyptian HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b isolate. Ducks vaccinated with ValleyVac Avian Flu H5 plus or MEFLUVAC™ H5 PLUS 8 showed 100 percent survival, higher haemagglutination-inhibition antibody titres, substantially reduced tracheal and cloacal viral shedding and only mild tissue alterations. SERVAC Flu H5N1 and Sinder Fluvac provided only partial protection and were associated with greater viral shedding and some mortality. The findings underline the importance of antigenic matching, continued molecular surveillance and regular updating of vaccine seed strains against circulating HPAI viruses.

Bemis, I.G., Shittu, I., Gomez, J.F., Fadaka, E.A., Perez, S., Gray, G.C. & Coleman, K.K. 2026. Seroprevalence of influenza A(H5N1) virus in domestic cats at epicenter of dairy cattle outbreaks, California, USA, 2024–2026. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 32(9):1474–1477. [reference] This serological study assessed exposure to HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b in 73 domestic cats sampled near dairy farms in California’s Central Valley between December 2024 and March 2026. Three cats were positive for both influenza A nucleoprotein antibodies and H5-neutralizing antibodies, corresponding to an overall seropositivity of 4.1 percent. All three positive cats were among the 12 animals sampled within 2 km of dairy farms, resulting in 25 percent seropositivity in this group, and proximity to dairy farms was significantly associated with infection. The findings highlight potential H5N1 spillover at the cattle–companion animal interface and support strengthened surveillance of cats in areas affected by dairy cattle outbreaks.

Akanbi, O.B. & Lakes, T. 2025. Review of avian influenza outbreaks in Nigeria 2006–2025. Open Vet. J., 15(12):6146-6165. [reference]

Nyarko, S.O., Kwasah, L., Boatemaa, L., Ntim, N.A.A., Adusei-Poku, M., Sarpong, G.M., Magnusen, V. et al. 2026. Genetic and epidemiological evidence of avian influenza A(H9N2) detection among poultry in Ghana, 2022. Viruses, 18(7):725. [reference]

Elbestawy, A., Khalifa, E., Saad, A.H., Elnagar, A.R., Ellakany, H.F., Abdel-Latif, M., Noreldin, A.E., Geneedy, A. & Gado, A. 2026. Early challenge with LPAI-H9N2 followed by vNDV-VII.1.1 in vaccinated and unvaccinated broilers: a comprehensive study. Avian Pathol., 55(4):469–486. [reference]

Salaheldin, A.H., Atasoy, M.O., Lang, J., Ahrens, A.K., Pohlmann, A., Rohaim, M.A., Abd El-Hamid, H.S. & Abdelwhab, E.M. 2026. Molecular characterization of H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b virus in vaccinated layer chickens. Viruses, 18(6):589. [reference]

Shittu, I., Rodriguez, J., Oguzie, J.U., Trujillo-Vargas, C.M., Marushchak, L.V., Nguyen-Tien, T., Schneider, N.E., Lednicky, J.A. & Gray, G.C. 2026. Detection of antibodies to avian influenza virus H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b in naturally infected cattle for more than a year. Sci. Rep. [reference]

Nabil, N.M., Tawakol, M.M., Hagag, N., Eid, S., Brierley, L. & Naguib, M.M. 2026. Molecular surveillance and predictive risk modelling of avian influenza virus in wild birds in Egypt. J. Gen. Virol., 107:002278. [reference]

Gadzhiev, A., Petherbridge, G., Alekseev, A., Mutashev, B., Sharshov, K., Sobolev, I., Daudova, M., Perkovskii, M., Fereidouni, S. & Shestopalov, A. 2026. Global dynamics of avian influenza: a twenty-year analysis of highly pathogenic viruses linking the Caspian Basin, Eurasia and Africa sectors (2005–2025). Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 16:1795327. [reference]

Gomaa, M.R., Yazbek, J., Abi-Said, M., Elsaadani, B., Zahra, D., Emam, H., Kamel, M.N., et al.. 2026. Spill-over of avian and human influenza A viruses to swine in Egypt and Lebanon. Zoonotic Dis., 6(2):21. [reference]

Abdelaal, A.M., Mahmoud, S.H., Shehata, M.R., AbdElSalam, E.T., Abo Shama, N.M., Kandeil, A.M., Shehata, M., Ali, M.A. & Khalil, A.A. 2026. Comparative immunogenicity and cross-protection of wild-type and reverse genetics H5N8 (clade 2.3.4.4b) oil-adjuvanted vaccines against circulating H5N1 avian influenza viruses from clades 2.3.4.4b and 2.2.1.2. Avian Pathol., 1–14. [reference]

Hamunyela, E., Coetzee, L., Marcacci, M., Ancora, M., Celani, P., Secondini, B., Mincarelli, L., Monne, I., Dianati, M. & Molini, U. 2026. Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus outbreak among common terns (Sterna hirundo) in Namibia, 2025–2026. Vet. Ital., 62(2). [reference]

Meseko, C., Zecchin, B., Go-Maro, E.W., Dianati, M., Mkpuma, N., Inuwa, B., Bakam, J., et al.. 2026. Emergence and rapid spread of a new reassortant high pathogenicity H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b avian influenza virus in Nigeria. Influenza Other Respir Viruses, 20(5):e70260. [reference]

Yehia, N., Ibrahim, M., Shady, R.M., Mohamed, A.A.E., Said, D., Taha, M.E., Arafa, A., et al.. 2026. Concurrent circulation of avian influenza viruses H5N1 and H9N2 enhances the genetic evolution of reassortant viruses in Egyptian poultry populations. PLoS One, 21(5):e0348609. [reference]

Okutu, I.A., Asantewaa, P., Angwaawie, P., Gbadamashie, L., Kitsi, C., Nunyuieto, R., Mensah, E.K., Dapaa, S., Deffor, D. & Noora, C.L. 2026. Investigation of avian influenza outbreak in birds at the Akatsi South Municipality, Ghana, 2025. J. interv. epidemiol. public health, 9(ConfProc7):035. [reference]

Dumevi, C.Y., Joel, M., Adzomfoa, D.E., Sosu, S.Q., Nyebiribi, D., Banini, J.A.N., Teiko, D.A., et al.. 2026. Avian influenza preparedness in Ghana: a cross-sectional assessment of knowledge, attitudes, and practices among residents of Nsawam-Adoagyiri Municipality, Eastern Region. BMC Public Health. 2026 Mar 17. [reference]

Dundon, W.G., Monjane, I.V., Nhabomba, V., Tamele, E., Djedje, H., Sussuro, A., Van-Dúnem, T.M., et al.. 2026. Case report: Detection and characterization of avian influenza virus H9N2 in a broiler farm in Mozambique, 2025. Front Vet Sci, 13:1765651. [reference]

Boudouma, F., Hajji, H., Ducatez, M., Arbani, O., Aitelkadi, K. & Fellahi, S. 2026. Spatial risk mapping of highly pathogenic avian influenza in Morocco using geographic information system and multi-criteria decision analysis: Implications for targeted surveillance and control. Vet World, 18(12):3713-3730. [reference]

Nisaa, Z., Häsler, B., Bennani, H., Jorquera, R., Scolamacchia, F. & Alarcon, P. 2026. Global economic impacts of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza: A systematic review and impact framework. Prev Vet Med, 251:106827. [reference]

Mkpuma, N., Meseko, C., Shittu, I., Chukwu, C., Afiukwa, F.N., Iroha, I.R., Muhammad, M. & Ogbu, O. 2026. Molecular characterization and phylogeography of equine influenza virus H3N8 detected in donkeys in Nigeria 2022-2023. BMC Vet Res. 2026 Feb 3. [reference]

Nyarko SO, Asante IA, Sarpong GM, Boatemaa L, Kwasah L, Awuku-Larbi Y, Magnusen V, Wutsika J, Ago S, Amenuvor EAA, Adusei-Poku M, Ntim NAA, Wordui J, Sekyi-Yorke AN, Takyi C, Nyarko JA, Quarcoo JA, Doku I, Tackie RA, Odoom T, Danso F, Nyarko EO, Asiedu W, Mingle DL, Attram N, Cameron-Paintsil S, Terrel S, Miranda H, Ampofo WK. 2026. Evidence of High Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 Clade 2.3.4.4b Among Poultry in Ghana From 2021 to 2022. Vet Med Sci, 12(1):e70744. [reference]

Ibrahim M, Said A, Wahba MA & Yehia N. 2026. Genetic and antigenic analysis of the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N8 virus clade 2.3.4.4b isolated from waterfowl in Egypt during 2022; evidence of brain-specific HA mutations. Br Poult Sci, 2026 Jan 7:1-10. [reference]

Steinfurth A, Lynton-Jenkins JG, Cleeland J, Mollett BC, Coombes HA, Moores A, Neal R, Clifton B, Falchieri M, Jones CW, Risi MM, Gold S, James J, Ryan PG, González Solís J, Banyard AC. 2026. Investigating high pathogenicity avian influenza virus incursions to remote islands: Detection of H5N1 on Gough Island in the South Atlantic Ocean. Emerg Microbes Infect, 2026 Feb 3:2627076. [reference]

Ali WH, Saeed IK, Mutwakil SM, Alamin MH, Balla AA, Ahmed MAE, Saeed AA, Asil RM, Algezoli OA, Abdellatif MM, Ali YH. 2025. Isolation and subtyping of avian influenza A virus from wild birds in Khartoum, Sudan. Onderstepoort J Vet Res, 92(1):e1-e5. [reference]

Al-Mustapha AI, Adetunji V, Ogundijo OA, Odetokun IA, Oyafajo L, Abali HW, Oyewo M, Abubakar AT, Muhammad SO, Adetunji DA, Odukoya A, Haruna A, Bamidele F, Elelu N, Fasina FO. Animal Disease Burden in Nigeria, 2006-2023. Transbound Emerg Dis, 2025:1694850. [reference]

Abolnik, C. 2025. Avian influenza situation report-Africa. Can J Microbiol, 71:1-4. [reference]

Abdusalam, M., Elbasir, M., Ashteba, M., Saeed, A., Ebrahim, F., Aslougi, A., Alhudiri, I., Meshri, S.E.E., Sharif, M. & Elzagheid, A. 2025. Monitoring influenza A virus in wild migratory birds and waterfowl in Libya using RT-qPCR. Open Vet J, 15(9):4735-4743. [reference]

Benlashehr, I., Agha, A.S.K., Naffati, K.M., Bshina, S.A., Khashkhosha, A.A., Asheg, A.A. & Kammon, A.M. 2025. Age-related serological response to H9N2 infection in southwest Tripoli, Libya. Open Vet J, 15(10):5361-5367. [reference]

Kamel, M.N., Moatasim, Y., Aboulhoda, B.E., Gomaa, M., El Taweel, A., Kutkat, O., El Sayes, M., et al. 2025. Genetic Characterization and Pathogenesis of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus A (H5N1) Isolated in Egypt During 2021-2023. Viruses, 17(10):1370. [reference]

Adesola RO, Bakre AA, Ogunro BN, Omotosho O, Ogundijo OA, Meseko CA, Inuwa B, et al. 2025. Avian Influenza Screening in Captive Wild Birds and Biosecurity Appraisal of Zoological Gardens in Southwestern Nigeria. Vet Med Int, 2025:3419266. [reference]

Kadja, M.C., Bako, A.B.I., Onidje, E., Cissé, A.K., Sourokou Sabi, S. & Fellahi, S. 2025. Molecular Detection and Genetic Characterization of H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus in Laying Hen and Broiler Farms in Dakar and Thies Regions, Senegal. Vet Ital, 2025 Sep 4;61(4). [reference]

Kamel, M.N., Moatasim, Y., Aboulhoda, B.E., Gomaa, M., El Taweel, A., Kutkat, O., El Sayes, M., et al. 2025. Genetic Characterization and Pathogenesis of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus A (H5N1) Isolated in Egypt During 2021–2023. Viruses, 17:1370. [reference]

Gomez, J.F., Bemis, I.G., Shittu, I., Gray, G.C. & Coleman, K.K. 2025. Outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza a(H5N1) among house cats: A case series involving oseltamivir treatment. One Health, 21:101211. [reference]

Shittu, I., Rodriguez, J., Oguzie, J.U., Trujillo-Vargas, C.M., Marushchak, L.V., Nguyen-Tien, T., Schneider, N.E., Lednicky, J.A., & Gray, G.C. 2025. Sustained High Levels of Antibodies to Avian Influenza Virus H5N1 Clade 2.3.4.4b in Naturally Infected Cattle.

El-Tholoth, M., Seboussi, R., Hussein, M., Rahmdel, S., Alalawi, A. & Bau, H.H. 2025. Smartphone-Linked and Electricity-Free Platforms for Rapid Colorimetric Molecular Detection of Poultry Respiratory Viruses at the Point of Need. Biosensors (Basel), 15(10):638. [reference]

Asante, I.A., Asante-Ntim, N.A., Abankwa, A.A., Ofori, O.B., Boatemaa, L., Kwasah, L., Quarcoo, J.A., et al. 2025. Characterization of the first detected Avian Influenza A(H9N2) human case in Ghana. Emerg Microbes Infect, 2025 Sep 3:2556717. [reference]

Medialdea Carrera, R., Hammond, A., Michel, J.M., Lewis, H., Lee, Y.K., Ezerska, L.A., Williams, G.S., Zhang, W. & AbdelMalik, P. 2025. Coordination and collaboration for strengthening respiratory surveillance at the national level: updates from workshop hosted by the WHO Hub for Pandemic and Epidemic Intelligence, 24-25 July 2024. BMC Proc, 19(Suppl 23):24. [reference]

Shittu, I., Cummings, D.B., Groves, J.T., Hagan, A.G. & Gray, G.C. 2025. Low Levels of Neutralizing Antibodies to Influenza A (H5N1) and D Viruses Among Cattle and Cattle Workers on US Farms, 2024-2025. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2025 Sep;19(9):e70162. [reference]

Oluwadare, F.A., Inuwa, B., Nicodemus, M., Killo, A.O., Ogunmolawa, O., Darang, A., Igah, O., et al. 2025. Seroreactivity of clandestinely traded avian influenza vaccines in Nigeria. PAMJ-One Health, 17(13). [reference]

Meseko, C., Edet, U.O., Henshaw, O., Mkpuma, N., Olawuyi, K.A. Archibong, C. 2025. Bibliometric analysis of highly pathogenic avian influenza research globally from 2003 to 2023. Germs, 15(1):11-25. [reference]

Pulscher, L.A., Maruschak, L.V., Shittu, I., Alsharif, H. & Gray, G.C. 2025. No Evidence of Novel Respiratory Viruses on Two Texas Dairy Farms Before the H5N1 Avian Influenza Virus Epizootic. Influenza Other Respir Viruses, 19(8): e70146. [reference]

Asante, I.A., Asante-Ntim, N.A., Abankwa, A.A., Ofori, O.B., Boatemaa, L., Kwasah, L., Quarcoo, J.A., et al. 2025. Characterization of the first detected Avian Influenza A(H9N2) human case in Ghana. Emerg Microbes Infect, 2025 Sep 3:2556717. [reference]

Beyit, A.D., Yahya, B., Ebou, M.H. Mekhalla, L.O., Haki, M.L., N’diay, F.B., Baba, D., et al. 2025. Detection and characterization of avian influenza H9N2 in a broiler farm in Mauritania; 2024. Vet Res Commun, 49:272. [reference]

Dsani, J.K., Johnson, S.A.M., Yasobant, S. & Bruchhausen, W. 2025. Intersectoral collaboration in zoonotic disease surveillance and response: A One Health study in the Greater Accra metropolitan area of Ghana. One Health, 21:101137. [reference]

Mosaad, Z., Hagag, N.M., Elsayed, M.M., Mady, W.H., Zanaty, A.M., El-Badiea, Z.A., Amer, F., et al. 2025. Isolation, characterization and phylogenetic analyses of avian influenza A (H9N2) viruses isolated from poultry between 2019 and 2023 in Egypt. BMC Vet Res, 21(1):455. [reference]

Soka S, Mayengo M & Kgosimore M. 2025. Modeling the effects of contaminated environments on the transmission dynamics of avian influenza in humans and domestic birds. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis, 122:102370. [reference]

Drzewnioková, P., Brian, I., Mancin, M., Fortin, A., Gourlaouen, M., Angot, A., Niang, M., et al. 2025. Validation and multi-site deployment of a lyophilized qRT-PCR reagent for the molecular diagnosis of avian influenza and rabies in Sub-Saharan African regions. J Clin Microbiol, 2025 Jul 1:e0008025. [reference]

Regragui, R., Arbani, O., Touil, N., Bouzoubaa, K., Oukessou, M., El Houadfi, M. & Fellahi, S. 2025. Surveillance and Coinfection Dynamics of Infectious Bronchitis Virus and Avian Influenza H9N2 in Moroccan Broiler Farms (2021-2023): Phylogenetic Insights and Impact on Poultry Health. Viruses, 17(6):786. [reference]

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Taweel, A.E., Sayes, M.E., Maatouq, A., Gomaa, M., Moatasim, Y., Kutkat, O., McKenzie, P.P., et al. 2025. Newcastle disease virus in Egyptian domestic poultry, 2019-2021: Molecular characterization, phylogenetic analysis, and coinfection with avian influenza A virus. Open Vet J, 15(4):1848-1857. [reference]

 Sajjadi, N.C., Abolnik, C., Baldinelli, F., Brown, I., Cameron, A., de Wit, S., Dhingra, M., et al. 2025. Vaccination and surveillance for high pathogenicity avian influenza in poultry-current situation and perspectives. Biologicals, 91:101840. [reference]

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 Abolnik, C., Phiri, T.P., Strydom, C., Ismail, Z., Jordaan, F., Wannenburg, K., Bisschop, S.P.R. 2025. Molecular and In Vivo Characterization of the High Pathogenicity H7N6 Avian Influenza Virus That Emerged in South African Poultry in 2023. Transbound Emerg Dis, 2024 Nov 8;2024:8878789. [reference]

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 Mahmoud, S.H., Gomaa, M., El Taweel, A., Moatasim, Y., Kamel, M.N., El Sayes, M., Abo Shama, N.M., et al. 2025. Transmission dynamics of avian influenza viruses in Egyptian poultry markets. Npj Viruses, 2(1):25. [reference]

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 Monamele, C.G., Njankouo, R.M., Yogne, C.N., Essengue, L.L.M., Bilounga, C.N., Tsafack, D.T., Njifon, H.L.M., Tamoufe, U., Perraut, R. & Njouom, R. 2025. Investigation of influenza A of pandemic potential and MERS-coronavirus in humans in Cameroon. BMC Res. Notes18(1): 133. [reference]

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Actions by the countries and/or supported by FAO

Global level
  • A webinar on H9N2 is planned on 14 October by FAO, Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS), World Health Organization (WHO) and World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) through WHO EPI-WIN
  • FAO participated in the VETLAB Network Coordination Meeting with directors of African and Asian veterinary laboratories organized by the Joint FAO/IAEA Centre (Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture) (CJN) at the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Vienna, Austria.
  • OFFLU (WOAH/FAO Network of Expertise on Animal Influenza) published a perspective examining the spillover of HPAI H5Nx viruses into mammals, outlining impacts across species, associated risks, and how surveillance systems may need to adapt in response to the increasing frequency of mammalian cases. [link]
  • On 4 March 2026, OFFLU released 'Global overview of the spread and impact of H5 clade 2.3.4.4b HPAI virus in wildlife, 2020-2024' which explained that Clade 2.3.4.4b high pathogenicity avian influenza H5 has shown unprecedented geographic expansion in wild birds in recent years. In this OFFLU report, experts from around the world reviewed its spread and expanding host range, as well as associated mortality events in wild birds and mammals from 2020 to 2024. To translate this knowledge into action, a priority list of high-level recommendations was described that could improve current HPAI surveillance, preparedness and response, and strengthen wildlife population resilience. [link]
Regional level
  • FAO is organizing a regional training workshop on transport of infectious substances in accordance with the International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations (DGR) as part of the World Bank Pandemic Fund project in Africa. The training course from 7 to 11 September 2026 in Rwanda will train participants from veterinary laboratories in 10 sub-Saharan African countries namely Botswana, Eswatini, Lesotho, Malawi, Namibia, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe.
  • West Africa region has experienced renewed high-risk waves of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1, characterized by the continued dominance of the clade 2.3.4.4b genotype. Since early 2025, HPAI events have been confirmed by the national veterinary laboratories in Nigeria (n=49), Ghana (n=1), Liberia (n=1), Niger (n=3), and Togo (n= 9). FAO has assisted countries in sending samples to IZSVe, a FAO reference center in Padova, for further confirmation and genetic characterization. The results highlighted ongoing situation in the region. In Nigeria, all the isolates belonged to clade 2.3.4.4b, broadly consistent with the viruses circulating in West Africa. However, the complete genomes sequencing indicated a novel genotype EA-2024-DV. The presence of HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b was confirmed also in Ghana. Whole-genome sequencing revealed two distinct genotypes: usual genotype already identified in Ghana in 2024, and EA-2024-DI.2 genotype (predominant in Europe during 2024-2025) which could be a new introduction to West Africa. In early 2025, Togo confirmed the presence of HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b, a new genotype which had not been previously reported in the country, a highest genetic similarity was found with H5N1 sequences from Ghana and Israel. Liberia also reported its first detection of HPAI H5N1 outbreak in early 2025 confirmed by the national veterinary laboratory, but no samples were sent to the IZSVe for further confirmation and sequencing. In Niger, the last HPAI H5N1 outbreak confirmed by the national veterinary laboratory was in 2024, but no samples were sent to the IZSVe either.
National level

Burundi:

  • As part of efforts to prevent and control HPAI, FAO Burundi has recently supported several initiatives aimed at strengthening surveillance, diagnosis and preparedness for health emergencies. These initiatives include the development, updating, validation and harmonisation of standard operating procedures (SOPs) for the safe handling of biological samples for the benefit of the National Veterinary Laboratory. This activity will help to strengthen diagnostic capacity and improve the quality of analyses, thereby facilitating the early detection of infectious agents and enhancing preparedness for and response to public health emergencies linked to animal and zoonotic diseases, including avian influenza.
  • Reagents and consumables for the diagnosis of animal diseases are currently being procured, including orders expected from Fleischhacker under the long-term agreement (LTA) agreement. Primers for the molecular diagnosis of avian influenza have also recently been delivered to the National Veterinary Laboratory under the LTA agreement with Microsynth.
  • In addition, 39 veterinary support staff working in the field for the Ministry of the Environment, Agriculture and Livestock have been trained in participatory epidemiology. Fieldwork involving data collection and analysis is currently underway, helping to strengthen community-based surveillance and the early detection of animal diseases.
  • A study on the health risks associated with the consumption of bush meat is currently being prepared, with the support of a veterinary epidemiologist and a socio-anthropologist. This study will cover the risks associated with HPAI and other zoonoses, as well as preventive measures, particularly in relation to biosecurity.

Cote d'Ivoire:

  • The results of the biosecurity assessment in poultry farms and markets in the main poultry farming areas of Agnibilekro and Abidjan to the veterinary services were presented as a part of avian influenza (AI) prevention efforts following initiatives led by FAO. This study also explored the factors influencing the adoption of biosecurity measures and identified corrective actions to be taken.

The Gambia:

  • Passive surveillance for HPAI is ongoing. Swab samples collected by the Department of Livestock Services, in collaboration with the Department of Parks and Wildlife, from four dying vultures along the Atlantic coastline tested positive for AI. Meanwhile, with support from FAO and United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA), the Department of Livestock Services has validated a new HPAI contingency plan, upgraded its laboratory to run Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests and deployed rapid test kits for field testing. Personnel continue to be trained to use FAO Event Mobile Application (EMA-i) and KoboCollect for real-time reporting.

Ghana:

  • FAO is leading field missions in Ghana under the Ghana Pandemic Fund project to plan infrastructure renovations at its seven regional veterinary laboratories to boost their diagnostic capacities. The renovation would enhance capacity of laboratories in high-density poultry zones which is critical to effectively detecting and characterize infectious agents including avian influenza.
  • FAO has provided diagnostic reagents/consumables for Avian Influenza for the veterinary laboratory under the Pandemic Fund to enhance early detection capabilities.

Guinea:

  • Following an alert regarding high mortality rates in poultry farms, the Government, through the Ministry responsible for Livestock, conducted a field investigation in the affected areas. Samples were collected from all suspected cases, particularly chickens exhibiting clinical signs consistent with avian influenza. In parallel, extensive awareness campaigns were carried out across the poultry value chain to inform stakeholders about the ongoing outbreaks of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) in neighbouring countries, notably Senegal and Côte d’Ivoire. The campaigns emphasized the importance of biosecurity measures, early detection, and timely reporting of suspected cases.
  • FAO supported these efforts by reviewing the list of laboratory requirements and providing appropriate diagnostic protocols for the testing of samples collected during the field investigations.

Kenya:

  • Kenya has continued to strengthen surveillance in domestic poultry, live bird markets, and wild bird populations to support early detection and rapid reporting of avian influenza events, and conducted simulation and tabletop exercises involving veterinary services, public health authorities, laboratories, and emergency management agencies to test contingency plans, strengthen coordination, and improve readiness for a potential HPAI outbreak. The Directorate of Veterinary Services (DVS) has promoted improved biosecurity practices at farm level, in live bird markets, and during poultry transportation and marketing to reduce the risk of virus introduction and spread; and strengthened HPAI preparedness and early warning systems, emergency preparedness and response mechanisms, application of a One Health approach, and risk communication measures.

Madagascar:

  • FAO Madagascar, in collaboration with the Institut Pasteur de Madagascar and the Veterinary Services (Directorate and National Laboratory), is supporting integrated surveillance of priority zoonoses, including avian influenza, in two regions. Activities will include active and passive surveillance, sample referral, laboratory diagnosis, notification, and the strengthening of standard operating procedures (SOPs). They will be implemented from October 2026 to March 2027, with a particular focus on avian influenza surveillance in targeted markets, early detection, and strengthening diagnostic preparedness.
  • Facing the persistent threat of HPAI and increased circulation of the virus in the region, Madagascar, through the Directorate of Veterinary Services (DSV), commits to updating its contingency plan in order to have a strategic, operational and intersectoral tool. The new plan focuses on three priority areas: Strengthening preventive measures to limit the risks of introducing the virus into national territory; Improving early detection of the disease, at all levels of intervention and in each sector concerned; The optimization of emergency response capacities in case of outbreaks, − to implement a coherent and coordinated response, based on the "One Health" approach, promoting synergy between animal, human and environmental health sectors.

Niger:

  • Digitising data has been processed through the national animal health data information platform to improve reporting, centralisation and data management for rapid and effective decision-making. The REPREP (programme for preparedness and response to zoonotic disease outbreaks, based on the One Health approach) has been finalized including SOP on the surveillance and management of avian influenza outbreaks for joint emergency interventions in the event of an outbreak. The Ministry of Livestock, in collaboration with the One Health Committee and other partners is promoting awareness on biosecurity measures for stakeholders in the value chain and training for One Health community agents on community-based surveillance. Field epidemiologists have been trained by the University of Tillaberi in field epidemiology for veterinary professionals (ISAVET) with funding from FAO to strengthen HPAI surveillance in the field.

Nigeria:

  • Four training sessions are planned for veterinarians and veterinary paraprofessionals in selected states where the project will be implemented. The first training session on HPAI investigation and biosecurity enforcement was held in Lagos, for participants from Lagos and Oyo states, from 31 August to 2 September 2026. The next rounds of training will be conducted for Enugu and Delta, Kano and Plateau, and will conclude with Taraba State by the end of September. In addition, a one-day awareness and sensitization workshop on HPAI control and biosecurity is planned for farmers across the selected states.
  • HPAI outbreaks have been reported also last month, government is advocating biosecurity measures including communication through local radio targeting poultry value chain actors; FAO has assisted veterinary services by sharing technical knowledge and supported in sending samples to IZSVe for genetic characterization.
  • The rapid response team (Federal Veterinary Services at the Ministry responsible for livestock development) mobilized and implemented the following measures: (1) Restriction of movements in the affected area; (2) Culling where possible; (3) Decontamination/disinfection and other biosecurity measures; (4) Targeted surveillance and ongoing laboratory testing are planned; (5) Information sharing: WOAH, FAO, OFFLU, Regional Animal Health Center for West Africa.

Senegal:

  • A Farmers Field School (FFS) for poultry farmers was conducted this year as Training for Trainers (ToT). The curricula on biosecurity training for poultry farmers developed will be used to further scale up the biosecurity and good practice in poultry farming.

The United Republic of Tanzania:

  • On the efforts for prevention of the emergence and spread of poultry related infectious diseases, FAO in Collaboration with the Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries under Fleming Fund (Global Grant) support has implemented farmer field schools (FFS) in six locations (Arumeru, Bigwa, Kihonda, Chanika, Somangila and Kigamboni wards) of mainland Tanzania engaging 182 broiler farmers who graduated in March 2025. The main interventions engaged were on-farm biosecurity measures (hygiene, footbath, limiting free access to broiler farms, etc), vaccination and other best broiler production practices. The impact of these interventions has resind in to limiting occurrence of various infectious diseases, hence reducing the need for antimicrobial use in the agrifood systems and maximizing economic benefits at farm level.

Togo:

  • The recent notification of five outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza in the Maritime region highlights the progress made by Togo in the field of animal disease surveillance. This early detection is the result of ongoing efforts to build the capacity of the Veterinary Services and the Central Veterinary Laboratory, supported by the Strengthening Preparedness and Response to Health Emergencies (PREPRUS) project, funded by the Pandemic Fund. These newly detected outbreaks were brought under control as quickly as possible. The equipment supplied, the training provided and the technical support offered as part of the project have helped to improve national capacities for the surveillance, investigation and diagnosis of priority animal diseases.

Zambia:

  • Active surveillance was conducted from 1 to 31 August 2026 targeting breeder layer flocks aged 22 to 75 weeks. A total of 300 Cloacal swabs (100 samples from each farm) were collected from farms in Central, Lusaka and Southern provinces. All samples tested Negative for M, H5, and H7 genes by PCR. All the tests were done at the Central Veterinary Research Institute in Lusaka.

Zimbabwe:

  • FAO was invited to two weeks ago to attend the HPAI situational analysis in the country- led by CIRAD (French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development) under the Zoosursy project. This was a multi-sectoral engagement that brought up the many gaps in capacity and practices of the country in HPAI surveillance (detailed report can be requested from CIRAD if needed).
  • The government department of veterinary technical services has been conducting a routine surveillance in large commercial farms as they submit samples quarterly, but this is limited to that scale of producers only.

Important links

FAO publicaitions

FAO EMPRES Watch, Focus On, empres360 & qualitative risk assessment

FAO Online courses & webinars

FAO report

FAO newsletters

FAO-WOAH

OFFLU

Joint risk assessments

FAO-WHO-WOAH

Wildlife & mammals

Other useful links

WHO

WOAH

Next issue: 8 Oct. 2026
The disease situation updates are produced by the FAO Emergency Prevention System for Animal Health (EMPRES-AH) as part of its mission to increase global disease intelligence.
Disclaimer

Information provided herein is current as of the date of issue. Information added or changed since the last Sub-Saharan HPAI situation update appears in orange. For poultry cases with unknown onset dates, reporting dates were used instead. FAO compiles information communicated by field officers on the ground in affected countries, from regional offices, and from the World Organisation for Animal Health [WOAH], as well as peer-reviewed scientific articles. FAO makes every effort to ensure, but does not guarantee, accuracy, completeness, or authenticity of the information. The boundaries and names shown, and the designations used on these map(s) do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of FAO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city, or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers and boundaries. Dashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement.

Contact

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