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Sub-Saharan Africa HPAI situation update

12 February 2026, 08:30 hours; Rome

Situation: High pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) virus (H5, H5N1, H5N2, H5N6, H5N8, H7 and H7N6 subtypes) with pandemic potential in countries of Sub-Saharan Africa since February 2017.
Confirmed countries - H5: South Africa. H5N1: Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, Réunion (France), Gambia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Lesotho, Mali, Mauritania, Namibia*, Niger, Nigeria*, Senegal, South Africa* and Togo. H5N2: Nigeria and South Africa. H5N6: Nigeria. H5N8: Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, South Africa, Uganda, and Zimbabwe. H7: South Africa. H7N6: South Africa and Mozambique. *Countries reporting cases in current wave (since 1 October 2025).
Further outbreaks of H5N1 HPAI in domestic poultry have been reported from Nigeria and South Africa. During this high-risk period, countries are encouraged to strengthen surveillance of domestic and wild birds, in addition to biosecurity measures, using a ‘One Health’ approach, and remind poultry holders the value of enhance biosecurity to prevent HPAI outbreaks.
Animal findings: 5 new events since the last update on 8 January 2026.
Number of human cases: no new event since the last update.

* Countries reporting cases in current wave (since 1 October 2025).

Map. Officially reported HPAI outbreaks (H5Nx and H7Nx subtypes) in sub-Saharan Africa, by onset date (1 October 2025 to date)


Map A shows confirmed HPAI events observed from 1 October 2025 to date. Map B shows HPAI events observed from 1 October 2024 to 30 September 2025.

Notes: Refer to the disclaimer available on this webpage for the names and boundaries in this map. Final boundary between the Republic of Sudan and the Republic of South Sudan has not yet been determined. Final status of the Abyei area is not yet determined.
Source: United Nations Geospatial. 2020. Map of the World. [Cited February 2025]. Modified with Emergency Prevention System Global Animal Disease Information System (EMPRES-i), WOAH and National Authorities data, 2026.

Situation update

Table. High pathogenicity avian influenza events reported in animals since 1 October 2025 (i.e. current wave)

VirusCountry (administrative regions affected)Last event observed# events reported since the last updateTotal #events since 1 October 2025Species affected since the last update (orange) and since 1 Oct. 2025 (black)

H5N1

Namibia
(Karas)

10/12/2025

0

1

Common Tern

Nigeria
(Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Ogun, Plateau, Taraba)

15/01/2026

3

21

Chicken, Turkey, Poultry

South Africa
(Limpopo, Eastern Cape, Western Cape)

06/12/2025

2

28

Goose, Poultry, Domestic Non-poultry birds; African (Jackass) Penguin, Black Sparrowhawk, Brown Skua, Cape cormorant, Common Tern, Crowned cormorant, Egyptian Goose, Grey-headed gull, Grey Heron, Hartlaub's gull, Kelp Gull, Laridae, Reed Cormorant, Sacred ibis, Swift tern, White-backed Vulture, White-breasted cormorant

Data was retrieved from WOAH WAHIS portal and Sharing other important animal health information with WOAH page [link], government websites. Data cutoff time: reported on 12 February 2026, 8:30 CET. Blue: the first report of infection in the species. The full list of bird and mammalian species affected by H5Nx HPAI are here. For more information, consult dedicated webpage of 1: DFFE, South Africa.

For a summary of H5N1, H5N6, and H5N8 HPAI events reported in sub-Saharan African countries in previous waves (i.e. before 1 October 2024) please contact EMPRES-Animal Health

Peer-reviewed publications

Nyarko SO, Asante IA, Sarpong GM, Boatemaa L, Kwasah L, Awuku-Larbi Y, Magnusen V, Wutsika J, Ago S, Amenuvor EAA, Adusei-Poku M, Ntim NAA, Wordui J, Sekyi-Yorke AN, Takyi C, Nyarko JA, Quarcoo JA, Doku I, Tackie RA, Odoom T, Danso F, Nyarko EO, Asiedu W, Mingle DL, Attram N, Cameron-Paintsil S, Terrel S, Miranda H, Ampofo WK. 2026. Evidence of High Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 Clade 2.3.4.4b Among Poultry in Ghana From 2021 to 2022. Vet Med Sci, 12(1):e70744. [reference] Using active surveillance across Ghana (2021–2022), the authors collected 2,847 specimens (2,640 poultry; 207 swine; 186 environmental samples from Ramsar sites) and screened them by US-CDC RT-PCR, then sequenced positives with Oxford Nanopore. Overall, 63/2,847 (2.2%) were H5N1 HPAI, all in poultry; swine and environmental samples were negative. Most detections occurred in Greater Accra (35), Central (10) and Upper East (7). Phylogenetics placed viruses in clade 2.3.4.4b, and HA carried mammalian-adaptive motifs, underscoring the need for continuous genomic surveillance and early local containment.

Ibrahim M, Said A, Wahba MA & Yehia N. 2026. Genetic and antigenic analysis of the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N8 virus clade 2.3.4.4b isolated from waterfowl in Egypt during 2022; evidence of brain-specific HA mutations. Br Poult Sci, 2026 Jan 7:1-10. [reference] Using RT-qPCR on 30 backyard waterfowl flocks in Menoufia (2022), 24 flocks (13 ducks, 11 geese) were H5N8-positive; four strains were whole-genome sequenced. Isolates clustered with Russian/European-like 2.3.4.4b viruses and carried a polybasic HA cleavage site; brain-derived viruses had distinct HA substitutions suggesting neurotropism. Internal genes showed mammalian-adaptation markers, and reassortment indicated a shift from earlier genotypes; antigenically, clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 was similar to clade-matched H5N8.

Steinfurth A, Lynton-Jenkins JG, Cleeland J, Mollett BC, Coombes HA, Moores A, Neal R, Clifton B, Falchieri M, Jones CW, Risi MM, Gold S, James J, Ryan PG, González Solís J, Banyard AC. 2026. Investigating high pathogenicity avian influenza virus incursions to remote islands: Detection of H5N1 on Gough Island in the South Atlantic Ocean. Emerg Microbes Infect, 2026 Feb 3:2627076. [reference] Using carcass surveillance on Gough Island, the authors detected HPAIV H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b in three Tristan skua carcasses. They combined viral genomics/phylogenetics with year-round tracking data to infer likely incursion routes; although movements suggested links to southern Africa, the detected strain was more closely related to viruses from South Georgia, implying infection during offshore dispersal. The study highlights biosecurity and systematic monitoring needs for remote seabird colonies.

Ali WH, Saeed IK, Mutwakil SM, Alamin MH, Balla AA, Ahmed MAE, Saeed AA, Asil RM, Algezoli OA, Abdellatif MM, Ali YH. 2025. Isolation and subtyping of avian influenza A virus from wild birds in Khartoum, Sudan. Onderstepoort J Vet Res, 92(1):e1-e5. [reference]

Al-Mustapha AI, Adetunji V, Ogundijo OA, Odetokun IA, Oyafajo L, Abali HW, Oyewo M, Abubakar AT, Muhammad SO, Adetunji DA, Odukoya A, Haruna A, Bamidele F, Elelu N, Fasina FO. Animal Disease Burden in Nigeria, 2006-2023. Transbound Emerg Dis, 2025:1694850. [reference]

Abolnik, C. 2025. Avian influenza situation report-Africa. Can J Microbiol, 71:1-4. [reference]

Abdusalam, M., Elbasir, M., Ashteba, M., Saeed, A., Ebrahim, F., Aslougi, A., Alhudiri, I., Meshri, S.E.E., Sharif, M. & Elzagheid, A. 2025. Monitoring influenza A virus in wild migratory birds and waterfowl in Libya using RT-qPCR. Open Vet J, 15(9):4735-4743. [reference]

Benlashehr, I., Agha, A.S.K., Naffati, K.M., Bshina, S.A., Khashkhosha, A.A., Asheg, A.A. & Kammon, A.M. 2025. Age-related serological response to H9N2 infection in southwest Tripoli, Libya. Open Vet J, 15(10):5361-5367. [reference]

Kamel, M.N., Moatasim, Y., Aboulhoda, B.E., Gomaa, M., El Taweel, A., Kutkat, O., El Sayes, M., et al. 2025. Genetic Characterization and Pathogenesis of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus A (H5N1) Isolated in Egypt During 2021-2023. Viruses, 17(10):1370. [reference]

Adesola RO, Bakre AA, Ogunro BN, Omotosho O, Ogundijo OA, Meseko CA, Inuwa B, et al. 2025. Avian Influenza Screening in Captive Wild Birds and Biosecurity Appraisal of Zoological Gardens in Southwestern Nigeria. Vet Med Int, 2025:3419266. [reference]

Kadja, M.C., Bako, A.B.I., Onidje, E., Cissé, A.K., Sourokou Sabi, S. & Fellahi, S. 2025. Molecular Detection and Genetic Characterization of H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus in Laying Hen and Broiler Farms in Dakar and Thies Regions, Senegal. Vet Ital, 2025 Sep 4;61(4). [reference]

Kamel, M.N., Moatasim, Y., Aboulhoda, B.E., Gomaa, M., El Taweel, A., Kutkat, O., El Sayes, M., et al. 2025. Genetic Characterization and Pathogenesis of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus A (H5N1) Isolated in Egypt During 2021–2023. Viruses, 17:1370. [reference]

Gomez, J.F., Bemis, I.G., Shittu, I., Gray, G.C. & Coleman, K.K. 2025. Outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza a(H5N1) among house cats: A case series involving oseltamivir treatment. One Health, 21:101211. [reference]

Shittu, I., Rodriguez, J., Oguzie, J.U., Trujillo-Vargas, C.M., Marushchak, L.V., Nguyen-Tien, T., Schneider, N.E., Lednicky, J.A., & Gray, G.C. 2025. Sustained High Levels of Antibodies to Avian Influenza Virus H5N1 Clade 2.3.4.4b in Naturally Infected Cattle.

El-Tholoth, M., Seboussi, R., Hussein, M., Rahmdel, S., Alalawi, A. & Bau, H.H. 2025. Smartphone-Linked and Electricity-Free Platforms for Rapid Colorimetric Molecular Detection of Poultry Respiratory Viruses at the Point of Need. Biosensors (Basel), 15(10):638. [reference]

Asante, I.A., Asante-Ntim, N.A., Abankwa, A.A., Ofori, O.B., Boatemaa, L., Kwasah, L., Quarcoo, J.A., et al. 2025. Characterization of the first detected Avian Influenza A(H9N2) human case in Ghana. Emerg Microbes Infect, 2025 Sep 3:2556717. [reference]

Medialdea Carrera, R., Hammond, A., Michel, J.M., Lewis, H., Lee, Y.K., Ezerska, L.A., Williams, G.S., Zhang, W. & AbdelMalik, P. 2025. Coordination and collaboration for strengthening respiratory surveillance at the national level: updates from workshop hosted by the WHO Hub for Pandemic and Epidemic Intelligence, 24-25 July 2024. BMC Proc, 19(Suppl 23):24. [reference]

Shittu, I., Cummings, D.B., Groves, J.T., Hagan, A.G. & Gray, G.C. 2025. Low Levels of Neutralizing Antibodies to Influenza A (H5N1) and D Viruses Among Cattle and Cattle Workers on US Farms, 2024-2025. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2025 Sep;19(9):e70162. [reference]

Oluwadare, F.A., Inuwa, B., Nicodemus, M., Killo, A.O., Ogunmolawa, O., Darang, A., Igah, O., et al. 2025. Seroreactivity of clandestinely traded avian influenza vaccines in Nigeria. PAMJ-One Health, 17(13). [reference]

Meseko, C., Edet, U.O., Henshaw, O., Mkpuma, N., Olawuyi, K.A. Archibong, C. 2025. Bibliometric analysis of highly pathogenic avian influenza research globally from 2003 to 2023. Germs, 15(1):11-25. [reference]

Pulscher, L.A., Maruschak, L.V., Shittu, I., Alsharif, H. & Gray, G.C. 2025. No Evidence of Novel Respiratory Viruses on Two Texas Dairy Farms Before the H5N1 Avian Influenza Virus Epizootic. Influenza Other Respir Viruses, 19(8): e70146. [reference]

Asante, I.A., Asante-Ntim, N.A., Abankwa, A.A., Ofori, O.B., Boatemaa, L., Kwasah, L., Quarcoo, J.A., et al. 2025. Characterization of the first detected Avian Influenza A(H9N2) human case in Ghana. Emerg Microbes Infect, 2025 Sep 3:2556717. [reference]

Beyit, A.D., Yahya, B., Ebou, M.H. Mekhalla, L.O., Haki, M.L., N’diay, F.B., Baba, D., et al. 2025. Detection and characterization of avian influenza H9N2 in a broiler farm in Mauritania; 2024. Vet Res Commun, 49:272. [reference]

Dsani, J.K., Johnson, S.A.M., Yasobant, S. & Bruchhausen, W. 2025. Intersectoral collaboration in zoonotic disease surveillance and response: A One Health study in the Greater Accra metropolitan area of Ghana. One Health, 21:101137. [reference]

Mosaad, Z., Hagag, N.M., Elsayed, M.M., Mady, W.H., Zanaty, A.M., El-Badiea, Z.A., Amer, F., et al. 2025. Isolation, characterization and phylogenetic analyses of avian influenza A (H9N2) viruses isolated from poultry between 2019 and 2023 in Egypt. BMC Vet Res, 21(1):455. [reference]

Soka S, Mayengo M & Kgosimore M. 2025. Modeling the effects of contaminated environments on the transmission dynamics of avian influenza in humans and domestic birds. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis, 122:102370. [reference]

Drzewnioková, P., Brian, I., Mancin, M., Fortin, A., Gourlaouen, M., Angot, A., Niang, M., et al. 2025. Validation and multi-site deployment of a lyophilized qRT-PCR reagent for the molecular diagnosis of avian influenza and rabies in Sub-Saharan African regions. J Clin Microbiol, 2025 Jul 1:e0008025. [reference]

Regragui, R., Arbani, O., Touil, N., Bouzoubaa, K., Oukessou, M., El Houadfi, M. & Fellahi, S. 2025. Surveillance and Coinfection Dynamics of Infectious Bronchitis Virus and Avian Influenza H9N2 in Moroccan Broiler Farms (2021-2023): Phylogenetic Insights and Impact on Poultry Health. Viruses, 17(6):786. [reference]

Fahim, M., Alim, W., Abukamar, S., El-Shesheny, R., Roshdy, W.H., Hassan, H., Mohsen, A., et al. 2025. Study of the effectiveness of a supported intervention package in reducing the risk of avian influenza human exposure through the reduction of infections in poultry: Egypt, 2006-2021. Virol J, 22(1):170. [reference]

Mohamed, R.I., Mosad, S.M., Ali, H.S., Albalawi, W.O., Elsamadony, H.A., Ramzy, N.M., Saad, A.S., Fallatah, D., et al. A comprehensive pathological and molecular investigation of viral co-infections in ducks in Egypt. Front Microbiol, 16:1522669. [reference]

Taweel, A.E., Sayes, M.E., Maatouq, A., Gomaa, M., Moatasim, Y., Kutkat, O., McKenzie, P.P., et al. 2025. Newcastle disease virus in Egyptian domestic poultry, 2019-2021: Molecular characterization, phylogenetic analysis, and coinfection with avian influenza A virus. Open Vet J, 15(4):1848-1857. [reference]

 Sajjadi, N.C., Abolnik, C., Baldinelli, F., Brown, I., Cameron, A., de Wit, S., Dhingra, M., et al. 2025. Vaccination and surveillance for high pathogenicity avian influenza in poultry-current situation and perspectives. Biologicals, 91:101840. [reference]

 Mamabolo, M., Machalaba, C., Zantsi, S., Rostal, M.K., Karesh, W.B., Thompson, P.N. & Chaminuka, P.2025. One Health Economics approach to prevention and control of zoonotic and animal diseases - considerations for South Africa. One Health Outlook, 7(1):30. [reference]

 Abolnik, C., Phiri, T.P., Strydom, C., Ismail, Z., Jordaan, F., Wannenburg, K., Bisschop, S.P.R. 2025. Molecular and In Vivo Characterization of the High Pathogenicity H7N6 Avian Influenza Virus That Emerged in South African Poultry in 2023. Transbound Emerg Dis, 2024 Nov 8;2024:8878789. [reference]

 Ngom, R.V., Ayissi, G.J., Akoussa, A.M.M., Laconi, A., Jajere, S.M., Zangue, H.A. & Piccirillo, A. 2025. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Efficacy of Biosecurity in Disease Prevention and Control in Livestock Farms in Africa. Transbound Emerg Dis, 2024 Nov 14;2024:8683715. [reference]

 Mahmoud, S.H., Gomaa, M., El Taweel, A., Moatasim, Y., Kamel, M.N., El Sayes, M., Abo Shama, N.M., et al. 2025. Transmission dynamics of avian influenza viruses in Egyptian poultry markets. Npj Viruses, 2(1):25. [reference]

 Akello, W. 2025. Harnessing the power of One Health education to tackle emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) and other global health challenges. One Health Outlook, 7(1): 23. [reference]

 Onidje, E., Oni, O.O., Kadja, M.C., Abraham, M.B., Burimuah, V., Mensah, A.P., Asare, D.A., Opoku Bannor, J. & Emikpe, B.O. 2025. Seroprevalence of H9N2 and H5 avian influenza in mixed-species poultry farms in northern Benin. J. Immunoassay Immunochem.,1-15. [reference]

 Monamele, C.G., Njankouo, R.M., Yogne, C.N., Essengue, L.L.M., Bilounga, C.N., Tsafack, D.T., Njifon, H.L.M., Tamoufe, U., Perraut, R. & Njouom, R. 2025. Investigation of influenza A of pandemic potential and MERS-coronavirus in humans in Cameroon. BMC Res. Notes18(1): 133. [reference]

Arbani O, Ducatez MF, Kadja-Wonou M, Salamat F, Kichou F, El Houadfi M, Fellahi S. 2025. Development of an experimental model using cold stress to assess the pathogenicity of two Moroccan AI H9N2 isolates from 2016 and 2022 in commercial broiler chickens. PLoS One, 20(4):e0320666. [reference]

Diaby M, Bangoura ST, Hounmenou CG, Kadio KJO, Touré AB, Bereté K, Bongono EF, Sidibé S, Delamou A, Camara A, Keita AK, Touré A. 2025. Exploratory analysis of poultry workers' knowledge and practices Regarding highly pathogenic avian influenza in Guinea. PLoS One, 20(3):e0320890. [reference]

El-Shesheny R, Gomaa M, Sayes ME, Kamel MN, Taweel AE, Kutkat O, GabAllah M, et al. 2025. Emergence of a novel reassortant highly pathogenic avian influenza clade 2.3.4.4b A(H5N2) Virus, 2024. Emerg Microbes Infect, 14(1):2455601. [reference]

Mahmoud SH, Khattab MS, Yehia N, Zanaty A, Arafa AES, Khalil AA. 2025. Pathogenicity of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A/H5Nx Viruses in Avian and Murine Models. Pathogens, 14(2):149. [reference]

El-Shesheny, R., Gomaa, M., Sayes, M.E., Kamel, M.N., Taweel, A.E., Kutkat, O., GabAllah, M., et al. 2025. Emergence of a novel reassortant highly pathogenic avian influenza clade 2.3.4.4b A(H5N2) Virus, 2024. Emerg Microbes Infect, 14(1):2455601. [reference]

Jallow, M.M., Diagne, M.M., Ndione, M.H.D., Barry, M.A., Ndiaye, N.K., Kiori, D.E., Mendy, M.P., et al. 2025. Genetic and Molecular Characterization of Avian Influenza A(H9N2) Viruses from Live Bird Markets (LBM) in Senegal. Viruses, 17(1):73. [reference]

Swayne, D.E., Sims, L.D., Brown, I., Harder, T., Stegeman, A., Abolnik, C., Delgado, M., et al. 2024. Strategic challenges in the global control of high pathogenicity avian influenza. Rev Sci Tech, Special Edition:89-102. [reference]

Chongo, I., Tivane, A., Monteiro, V., Inlamea, O., Maholela, P., Nhanombe, I., Ibraimo, S., et al. 2024. Outcomes from a Zoonotic Disease Prioritization workshop using One Health approach in Mozambique, 2018 to 2023. One Health Outlook, 6(1):20. [reference]

Saad, N., Esaki, M., Kojima, I., Khalil, A.M., Osuga, S., Shahein, M.A., Okuya, K., Ozawa, M. & Alhatlani, B.Y. 2024. Phylogenetic Characterization of Novel Reassortant 2.3.4.4b H5N8 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses Isolated from Domestic Ducks in Egypt During the Winter Season 2021-2022. Viruses, 16(11):1655. [reference]

Elsobky, Y., Eltholth, M., Abdalla, E., Eissa, N., Hadad, G., Nayel, M., Salama, A., et al. 2024. Spatio-temporal dynamics and risk cluster analysis of highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1) in poultry: Advancing outbreak management through customized regional strategies in Egypt. Open Vet J, 14(11):2911-2923. [reference]

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Fusaro, A., Zecchin, B., Giussani, E., Palumbo, E., Agüero-García, M., Bachofen, C., Bálint, Á., et al. 2024. High pathogenic avian influenza A(H5) viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b in Europe – why trends of virus evolution are more difficult to predict. Virus Evolution, veae027. [reference]

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Monjane, I. V. A., Djedje, H., Tamele, E., Nhabomba, V., Tivane, A. R., Massicame, Z. E., Arone, D. M., Pastori, A., Bortolami, A., Monne, I., Woma, T., Lamien, C. E. & Dundon, W. G. 2024. H7N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza in Mozambique, 2023. Emerging Microbes & Infections, 13, (1). [reference]

Sanogo, I.N., Guinat, C., Dellicour, S., Diakité, M.A., Niang, M., Koita, O.A., Camus, C. & Ducatez, M. 2024. Genetic insights of H9N2 avian influenza viruses circulating in Mali and phylogeographic patterns in Northern and Western Africa. Virus Evolution, 10(1):veae011. [reference]

Glazunova, A., Krasnova, E., Bespalova, T., Sevskikh, T., Lunina, D., Titov, I., Sindryakova, I. & Blokhin, A. 2024. A highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4 detected in Samara Oblast, Russian Federation. Front Vet Sci, 11 – 2024. [reference]

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Roberts, L.C., Abernethy, D., Roberts, D.G., Ludynia, K., O'Kennedy, M.M., Abolnik, C. 2023. Vaccination of African penguins (Spheniscus demersus) against high-pathogenicity avian influenza.Vet Rec, e3616. [reference]

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Agha, A.S.K., Benlashehr, I., Naffati, K.M., Bshina, S.A. & Khashkhosha, A.A. 2023. Correlation of avian influenzaH9N2 with high mortality in broiler flocks in the southwest of Tripoli, Libya. Open Vet J, 13(6):715-722. [reference].

Bongono, E.F., Kaba, L., Camara, A., Touré, A., Ngoma, M.P., Yanogo, P.K., Kanyala, E. & SOW A. 2023. Évaluation de la biosécurité et facteurs associés à l'influenza aviaire dans les fermes avicoles de Coyah, Guinée, 2019-2020. Med Trop Sante Int. 2023 3(2):25. [reference].

Isibor, P.O., Onwaeze, O.O., Kayode-Edwards, I.I., Agbontaen, D.O., Ifebem-Ezima, A.M., Bilewu, O., Onuselogu, C., Akinniyi, A.P., Obafemi, Y.D. & Oniha, M.I. 2023. Investigating and combatting the key drivers of viral zoonoses in Africa: an analysis of eight epidemics. Braz J Biol, 84:e270857. [reference]

Lebarbenchon, C., Boucher, S., Feare, C., Dietrich, M., Larose, C., Humeau, L., Le Corre, M. & Jaeger, A. 2023. Migratory patterns of two major influenza virus host species on tropical islands. R Soc Open Sci, 10(10):230600. [reference]

Jbenyeni, A., Croville, G., Cazaban, C. & Guérin, J.L. 2023. Predominance of low pathogenic avian influenza virus H9N2 in the respiratory co-infections in broilers in Tunisia: a longitudinal field study, 2018-2020. Vet Res, 54(1):88. [reference]

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Abolnik, C., Phiri, T., Peyrot, B., de Beer, R., Snyman, A., Roberts, D., Ludynia, K. et al. 2023. The Molecular Epidemiology of Clade 2.3.4.4B H5N1 High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza in Southern Africa, 2021–2022. Viruses, 15(6):1383. [reference]

Meseko, C., Milani, A., Inuwa, B., Chinyere, C., Shittu, I., Ahmed, J., Giussani, E. et al. 2023. The Evolution of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A (H5) in Poultry in Nigeria, 2021–2022. Viruses,15:1387. [reference]

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Actions by the countries and/or supported by FAO

Global level
  • On 5 February 2026, FAO held a second webinar on avian influenza under the Global Framework for the Progressive Control of Transboundary Animal Diseases (GF-TADs) entitled “Update on latest initiatives for avian influenza prevention and control”, with the participation of FAO, WOAH (World Organisation for Animal Health) and the OFFLU (WOAH/FAO Network of Expertise on Animal Influenza). Recording will be soon available. [link]
  • At the WHO Vaccine Composition Meeting (VCM) in Istanbul, Türkiye, in February 2026, OFFLU (WOAH/FAO Network of Expertise on Animal Influenza) will provide critical genetic, antigenic and epidemiological data on circulating avian and swine influenza viruses from its international network to inform WHO’s assessment of candidate vaccine viruses for pandemic preparedness. [link]
  • The ggFlu global H5 genotyping system is now available as a public web server and provides a standardized framework for assigning and comparing H5 avian influenza genotypes worldwide. It was developed at Hong Kong University in close coordination with, and with expert review from, the OFFLU Avian Technical Activity.
  • FAO released ALERT "Increased risk of high pathogenicity avian influenza introduction and spread in Africa” on 22 December 2025. [link]
  • An HPAI Global Situation Update Webinar was organized on 18 December 2025 under the umbrella of the Global Framework for the Progressive Control of Transboundary Animal Diseases (GF-TADs). [recording]
  • OFFLU (WOAH/FAO Network of Expertise on Animal Influenza) released the Guidelines for High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus Risk Mitigation in Cattle. [link]
Regional level
  • FAO has supported participation from Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Chad, Sierra Leone, South Sudan, The Gambia, Togo, United Republic of Tanzania and Zambia to the training workshops for veterinary laboratories on the transport of infectious substances organized by the AU-PANVAC (African Union-Pan African Veterinary Vaccine Centre) in Abidjan for French-speaking countries (December 2025) and in Accra for English-speaking countries (February 2026). After passing the final exam of the training course the participants receive certificates, which will allow countries to send any diagnostic specimens in accordance with international regulations.
National level

Burundi:

  • To strengthen surveillance, FAO in Burundi signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the African Field Epidemiology Network (AFENET) for the Field Epidemiology Training Programme (FETP frontline with the updated version incorporating the One Health approach #) for 20 animal health actors (11), environmental (1) and human (8). Training for the first cohort is underway, with the first workshop and the first fieldwork supervised by mentors already completed, and a second workshop held from 15 to 19 December. The mentees have started their second fieldwork assignment, and the first mentoring and supervision mission for this assignment is currently underway. The second mentoring and supervision mission for the mentees' fieldwork No. II took place from 19 to 23 January. The end of the training and graduation took place at the third workshop from 2 to 4 February. In addition, two staff members from the national veterinary laboratory left on 7 December to participate in the IATA training organised by UA/PANVAC in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.
  • A total of 80 motorcycles intended for veterinary service agents, awaiting a date from the Ministry's technical services for official transfer to the Ministry of Environment, Agriculture, and Livestock (MINEAGRIE) to strengthen the logistical resources of those involved in animal disease surveillance; and 400 bicycles and other equipment intended for community animal health agents are still awaiting delivery from the supplier to MINEAGRIE.
  • All these will contribute to the surveillance of animal diseases, including HPAI.

Cote d'Ivoire:

  • The results of the biosecurity assessment in poultry farms and markets in the main poultry farming areas of Agnibilekro and Abidjan to the veterinary services were presented as a part of avian influenza (AI) prevention efforts following initiatives led by FAO. This study also explored the factors influencing the adoption of biosecurity measures and identified corrective actions to be taken.
  • The Government has developed an illustrated guide to biosecurity in poultry farming through the enzootic diseases project supported by FAO. FAO will produce the first batch of copies which will be distributed to poultry farmers.

Ethiopia:

  • In December 2025 and January 2026, a comprehensive High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza (HPAI) virus surveillance was carried out by the Animal Health Institute (AHI) across major lakes, water bodies, and associated market areas (Arba Minch, Hawassa, Abidjata, Dambal, Cheleleka, Kilole, and Arsade). Fresh fecal/droplet samples were collected from wild birds, as well as cloacal/oropharyngeal swabs from backyard poultry. The samples were pooled for Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. From wild birds, 270 pooled droplet samples (representing 1 350 individual samples) were collected. From backyard poultry, 80 pooled swab samples (representing 400 individual samples) were collected from market areas. All sampling sites had detailed geographic and species data recorded. The laboratory test will be conducted this month.

Ghana:

  • FAO has provided diagnostic reagents/consumables for Avian Influenza for the veterinary laboratory under the Pandemic Fund to enhance early detection capabilities.
  • FAO, through the Early Warning project, assisted the Accra Veterinary Laboratory of Ghana in sending its samples to Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), a FAO Reference Centere laboratory in Padua, Italy for confirmation and genetic characterization. The results showed the presence of HPAI H5N1 viruses, belonging, as expected, to clade 2.3.4.4b. The whole-genome sequencing revealed two distinct genotypes: one was the usual (already identified in Ghana in 2024) and the other was genotype EA-2024-DI.2, which was predominant among HPAI H5N1 viruses in Europe during the period 2024–2025. This European-origin genotype could represent a new introduction to West Africa. In addition, H9N2 viruses were also identified and were found to be very similar to viruses previously detected in Ghana in 2024, indicating likely continued circulation in the country and/or region.

Guinea:

  • Active surveillance for HPAI by the veterinary services has been underway since August in high- and very high-risk areas, technically support by FAO. To date, 7 822 samples have been analysed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) at the central veterinary diagnostic laboratory, and none tested positive.
  • The implementation of the Progressive Management Pathway for Terrestrial Animal Biosecurity (PMP-TAB) approach to good biosecurity practices is ongoing on poultry farms in the prefectures of Coyah, Dubréka and Forécariah.

Liberia:

  • FAO Liberia through two of its projects (GCP/LIR/028/UAE and UNJP/LIR/036/UNJ) is supporting the construction of poultry houses, supply of day-old-chicks (DOC) and vaccination (against Newcastle disease) at eight locations in the country.

Madagascar:

  • Facing the persistent threat of HPAI and increased circulation of the virus in the region, Madagascar, through the Directorate of Veterinary Services (DSV), commits to updating its contingency plan in order to have a strategic, operational and intersectoral tool. The new plan focuses on three priority areas: Strengthening preventive measures to limit the risks of introducing the virus into national territory; Improving early detection of the disease, at all levels of intervention and in each sector concerned; The optimization of emergency response capacities in case of outbreaks, − to implement a coherent and coordinated response, based on the "One Health" approach, promoting synergy between animal, human and environmental health sectors.

Malawi:

  • While there is no HPAI outbreaks have been reported during 2025−2026 period so far, Malawi is proactively strengthening its preparedness and surveillance frameworks.

Niger:

  • Since the last outbreaks in January and February, veterinary services have stepped up active surveillance of avian influenza at the decentralised level and at border inspection posts through its epidemiological surveillance network (RESEPI). In addition, a process of digitising data through the national animal health data information platform is being implemented to improve reporting, centralisation and data management for rapid and effective decision-making. Furthermore, One Health focal points, in collaboration with the FAO and WHO, are finalising the development of the REPREP (programme for preparedness and response to zoonotic disease outbreaks, based on the One Health approach), which will include POS on the surveillance and management of avian influenza outbreaks, previously unavailable for joint emergency interventions in the event of an outbreak. In addition, the Ministry of Livestock, in collaboration with the One Health Committee and other partners, will soon launch an awareness campaign on biosecurity measures for stakeholders in the value chain, as well as training in the eight regions for OH community agents on community-based surveillance. Finally, since August 2025, the third cohort of 16 field epidemiologists trained by the University of Tillaberi in field epidemiology for veterinary professionals (ISAVET) with funding from the FAO will strengthen HPAI surveillance in the field.

Nigeria:

  • After samples were taken in the field and the diagnosis was confirmed positive by laboratory tests, the rapid response team (Federal Veterinary Services at the Ministry responsible for livestock development) mobilized and implemented the following measures: (1) Restriction of movements in the affected area; (2) Culling where possible; (3) Decontamination/disinfection and other biosecurity measures; (4) Targeted surveillance and ongoing laboratory testing are planned; (5) Information sharing: WOAH/FAO/OFFLU/Regional Animal Health Center for West Africa. The country has also sent biological samples for sequencing to the FAO Reference Laboratory in Padova to identify/describe the molecular epidemiology of subtypes, which could contribute to the global control of HPAI.
  • FAO Nigeria has forwarded a request received from the government for a FAO technical cooperation programme (TCP) emergency project to facilitate HPAI control while local authorities mobilize their own funds to control the current outbreak. Several activities have been targeted in this project, namely: (i) revision and updating of the biosecurity guidelines document; surveillance in the 11 states at risk; (ii)Surveillance of wild birds; (iii) risk communication: production and dissemination of communication materials; (iv) support to the Ministerial Technical Advisory Committee in awareness-raising activities in the 11 states and dissemination of biosafety guidelines. Acquisition of reagents, laboratory equipment and PPE in critical areas. (v) Organize training on HPAI prevention and control for professionals in the public and private sectors (veterinarians and veterinary assistants) and livestock farmers; and (vi) Organize biannual press briefings.

Senegal:

  • A Farmers Field School (FFS) for poultry farmers is planned for February 2026 as Training for Trainers (ToT). The next steps is to use the curricula on biosecurity training for poultry farmers in order to scale up the biosecurity and good practice in poultry farming.

The United Republic of Tanzania:

  • On the efforts for prevention of the emergence and spread of poultry related infectious diseases, FAO in Collaboration with the Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries under Fleming Fund (Global Grant) support has implemented farmer field schools (FFS) in six locations (Arumeru, Bigwa, Kihonda, Chanika, Somangila and Kigamboni wards) of mainland Tanzania engaging 182 broiler farmers who graduated in March 2025. The main interventions engaged were on-farm biosecurity measures (hygiene, footbath, limiting free access to broiler farms, etc), vaccination and other best broiler production practices. The impact of these interventions has resind in to limiting occurrence of various infectious diseases, hence reducing the need for antimicrobial use in the agrifood systems and maximizing economic benefits at farm level.
  • In addition, the Ministry of Health in collaboration with the World Health Organization (WHO) organized a multisectoral workshop for development of the Pandemic Respiratory Pathogen Preparedness Plan whereby FAO ECTAD was invited and participated/contributed on development of this plan which is yet to be endorsed for dissemination at national and sub-national levels. This workshop had engaged other sectors like academia, research institutions and the Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries. The workshop was financially supported by the Pandemic Fund Project along with the implementing entities at country level (WHO and FAO).

Togo:

  • On 30 December 2025, an official ceremony marked the handover of laboratory equipment and reagents to the Ministry of Animal Health, through the Veterinary Services Directorate, and to the Ministry of Health, through the National Institute of Hygiene. This equipment, acquired as part of the implementation of the PREPRUS Togo project, financed by the Pandemic Fund, included real-time PCR, fluorescent microscopes, rapid diagnostic tests, equipment for maintaining the cold chain for laboratory samples, and laboratory reagents and consumables.
  • Four training sessions, organised in Atakpamé and Kara, trained 102 field agents from both the public and private sectors in the use of the EMA-i+ application and the EMPRES-i+ platform. The PREPRUS Togo project, funded by the Pandemic Fund, aimed through these training courses to strengthen the national animal disease surveillance system in Togo, including avian influenza.

Zambia:

  • Active surveillance was conducted from 1 to 31 December 2025 targeting breeder layer flocks aged 22 to 75 weeks. Cloacal swabs (100 each) were collected from farms in the Copperbelt Province and Southern Province. All tested Negative for M, H5, and H7 genes by PCR. All the tests were done at the Central Veterinary Research Institute in Lusaka.

Zimbabwe:

  • FAO was invited to two weeks ago to attend the HPAI situational analysis in the country- led by CIRAD (French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development) under the Zoosursy project. This was a multi-sectoral engagement that brought up the many gaps in capacity and practices of the country in HPAI surveillance (detailed report can be requested from CIRAD if needed).
  • From the government department of veterinary technical services (DVTS), routine surveillance being conducted in large commercial farms, where they submit samples quarterly, but this is limited to that scale of producers only.

Important links

FAO publicaitions

FAO EMPRES Watch, Focus On, empres360 & qualitative risk assessment

FAO Online courses & webinars

FAO report

FAO newsletters

FAO-WOAH

OFFLU

Joint risk assessments

FAO-WHO-WOAH

Wildlife & mammals

Other useful links

WHO

WOAH

Next issue: 12 Mar 2026
The disease situation updates are produced by the FAO Emergency Prevention System for Animal Health (EMPRES-AH) as part of its mission to increase global disease intelligence.
Disclaimer

Information provided herein is current as of the date of issue. Information added or changed since the last Sub-Saharan HPAI situation update appears in orange. For poultry cases with unknown onset dates, reporting dates were used instead. FAO compiles information communicated by field officers on the ground in affected countries, from regional offices, and from the World Organisation for Animal Health [WOAH], as well as peer-reviewed scientific articles. FAO makes every effort to ensure, but does not guarantee, accuracy, completeness, or authenticity of the information. The boundaries and names shown, and the designations used on these map(s) do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of FAO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city, or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers and boundaries. Dashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement.

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