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Preserving, strengthening and promoting Indigenous Peoples’ food and knowledge systems and traditional practices for sustainable food systems - HLPE-FSN consultation on the scope of the report

Focus area: Enhancing equity and inclusiveness in agriculture and food systems

During its 51st plenary session (23-27 October 2023), the Committee on World Food Security (CFS) adopted its four-year Programme of Work (MYPOW 2024-2027), which includes a request to its High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition (HLPE-FSN) to produce a report on “Preserving, strengthening and promoting Indigenous Peoples’ food and knowledge systems and traditional practices for sustainable food systems” to be presented at the 54th plenary session of the CFS in October 2026.

The text of the CFS request, as included in the MYPOW 2024-2027, is as follows:

Rationale: Indigenous Peoples’ agricultural and food systems are intimately tied to nature and are capable of providing food and nutritional security whilst restoring ecosystems and maintaining biodiversity. This was recognized by the scientific group of the UN Food Systems Summit, which led to the creation of the Coalition on Indigenous Peoples’ food systems. 

Traditional knowledge clearly contributes to the enhancement of the sustainability of agriculture and food systems. FAO’s Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) provide a good example of how to support traditional systems and demonstrate the wealth they can provide at social, economic and environmental levels. Since 2002, GIAHS has designated 62 systems in 22 countries as agricultural heritage sites. These represent diverse natural landscapes and agricultural practices that create sustainable livelihoods and food security in rural areas while combining biodiversity, resilient ecosystems, traditions and farmer innovations in a unique way. 

The 2022 HLPE-FSN Note on Critical, Emerging and Enduring Issues for Food Security and Nutrition reports that Indigenous Peoples’ traditional knowledge systems are becoming more widely appreciated as methodologically, substantively and contextually strong and they address current contemporary agricultural and food system challenges through insights on socioecological mechanisms and interactions within food generation environments. Additionally, there is great value in acknowledging and striving to foster the connection between modern, scientific practices and traditional knowledge systems. 

Despite their centrality, Indigenous Peoples’ food and knowledge systems, and traditional knowledge and practices are undervalued and under unprecedented risk of disappearance. One of the main challenges is that Indigenous Peoples’ food and knowledge systems, and traditional knowledge and practices are either misunderstood or unknown, which often result in incomplete or inadequate policy tools. To this end, it is critical to establish a political willingness and leadership to increase Indigenous People's participation in the policy making processes. 

This thematic workstream will benefit from the comparative advantage of the CFS to offer an inclusive and intergovernmental platform for global coordination and policy convergence, which will bring together policy makers, scientific international communities, UN Agencies and Indigenous Peoples. 

Objectives and expected outcomes: The objective of the workstream is to create a set of focused, action-oriented policy recommendations on “Preserving, strengthening and promoting Indigenous Peoples’ food and knowledge systems and traditional practices for sustainable food systems to achieve FSN” as a key means of achieving the CFS vision, SDG2, and an array of other SDGs, including SDGs 1, 10, 12, 13 and 15. The workstream will benefit from the findings and recommendations of an HLPE-FSN report on the topic.

Overview

This scoping paper draft addresses Indigenous Peoples’ food and knowledge systems’ solutions to enhance food security and nutrition (FSN) and contribute to achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The scope covers preserving, strengthening and promoting these systems and practices in a rights-based policy framework to develop and present a set of focused, action-oriented policy recommendations. 

Indigenous Peoples have deep and enduring connections, along with inherent and granted roles and rights, related to food systems, knowledge systems and traditional practices. Unique and sophisticated food systems-related knowledge is possessed by Indigenous Peoples, much of which is undocumented and therefore un- or under-utilized. Even when it is documented, indigenous knowledge is often overlooked and rarely recognized as having scientific value, resulting in its exclusion from published literature.

The High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition (HLPE-FSN) of the Committee on World Food Security (CFS) has been analyzing issues related to Indigenous Peoples and indigenous knowledge in all its reports, and with increasing frequency in recent years. Sustainable Forestry for Food Security and Nutrition (2017) makes ten recommendations specific to Indigenous Peoples. Integration of transdisciplinary science and indigenous knowledge in participatory innovation processes that transform food system is recommended in the 2019 HLPE-FSN Report, Agroecological and other innovative approaches for sustainable agriculture and food systems that enhance food security and nutrition. In the 2022 HLPE-FSN Note on Critical, Emerging and Enduring Issues for Food Security and Nutrition, the need to build meaningful interfaces for diverse knowledge and practices is emphasized. It states that Indigenous Peoples’ traditional knowledge systems are methodologically, substantively and contextually strong, and can contribute to evidence-based agricultural and food system policies and programmes, and deliver solutions, across important dimensions of FSN.

Much has been documented on the consequences for Indigenous Peoples when separated from their traditional food systems. Those consequences include food insecurity, malnutrition[1], loss of food biodiversity, and opportunity-loss for transforming food systems to be more resilient and sustainable (Kuhnlein et al., 2009, 2013). The 2023 HLPE-FSN report on Reducing inequalities for food security and nutrition, recommends that policy and legislation should be informed by indigenous knowledge and related data, to broaden the spectrum of evidence for FSN policy and action, and address the systemic inequalities disproportionately affecting Indigenous Peoples.

Reviewing, consolidating, and presenting FSN recommendations from relevant sectors and disciplines will bring much needed attention to policy imperatives for achieving the CFS vision and the SDGs; and for advancing progress on realizing the right to food and the rights of Indigenous Peoples.

Consultations on this scope and on the development of the full report will be held with a comprehensive range of rights-holders and stakeholders. Beneficiaries of the report will be Indigenous Peoples and the wider global community, through the CFS. 

GUIDING PRINCIPLES

While drafting the report, HLPE-FSN experts will adhere to the following guiding principles, in addition to the established HLPE-FSN working procedures, to ensure legitimacy among stakeholders and maintain a high degree of scientific quality:

  1. The rights-based policy framework includes the rights of Indigenous Peoples, the right to food, and the rights of nature, along with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948).
  2. Consistent with the wording of the CFS request, and in respect of the position of the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues and that of the Special Rapporteur on the rights of Indigenous Peoples, the focus on ‘food and knowledge systems’ will be Indigenous Peoples exclusively (i.e., it will not include terms such as ‘local communities’)[2]. 
  3. The report will be focused on Indigenous Peoples’ food and knowledge systems, as elaborated in the CFS MYPOW. 
  4. The report will also address traditional knowledge and practices covering those from cultures and communities with heritages and legacies of place (e.g., local communities), and those designated as Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS)). 
  5. A review of relevant policy recommendations from a range of scientific and intergovernmental processes will be conducted. 
  6. Relevant text and recommendations from previous HLPE-FSN reports will be reviewed, updated, and corrected as appropriate.
  7. Current disparate, conflicting, contradictory, and controversial issues will be addressed, along with ramifications, repercussions and unintended consequences for Indigenous Peoples from unrelated, and/or well-meaning policies and processes.
  8. Recommendations will be directed to CFS, UN agencies, private sector, civil society organizations, national and local governments, academia and research sector, and Indigenous Peoples’ mechanisms and governing bodies as rights’ holders. 
  9. All consultations, content of the report, and especially all recommendations, will respect Free, Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC), principles of Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS, 2011), and sovereignty issues around food and information. 

KEY QUESTIONS TO GUIDE THE E-CONSULTATION ON THE SCOPE OF THE HLPE-FSN REPORT

1. Do you agree with the guiding principles indicated above?
2. Should the objectives include mainstreaming Indigenous Peoples food and knowledge systems, and lessons learned from them, for the benefit of all, or solely for the benefit of Indigenous Peoples as rights holders?
3. What are the challenges related to Free, Prior and Informed Consent and Access and Benefit Sharing when widely promoting and/or mainstreaming Indigenous Peoples food and knowledge systems?
4. How can the report ensure the inclusion of marginalized groups, sustainability, and protection against commercialization risks for Indigenous Peoples' food and knowledge systems?
5. How should oral knowledge and traditions be documented and referenced in the development of the report?
6. What dimensions linked to Indigenous Peoples’ agency, e.g., in governance issues, could be addressed?
7. Are there important/relevant policy papers and instruments missing from the foundational documents list?
8. Could you please indicate relevant references that should be taken into account?
9. What best practices, ethical standards, and strategies for addressing climate change should be highlighted in the report?
10. Which best practices or strategies to promote cross-cultural understanding should be highlighted in the report?
11. Are the previous legal documents such as Prior and Informed Consent, enough in light of this evolution of thinking about Indigenous People’s knowledge, or do they need to be revised?

The results of this consultation will be used by the HLPE-FSN to elaborate the report, which will then be made public in its V0 draft for e-consultation, and later submitted to peer review, before finalization and approval by the HLPE-FSN drafting team and the Steering Committee.

We thank in advance all the contributors for reading, commenting and providing inputs on the scope of this HLPE-FSN report. The comments are welcome in English, French and Spanish languages.

This e-consultation is open until 13 December 2024.

The HLPE-FSN looks forward to a rich consultation!

Co-facilitators:

Paola Termine, HLPE-FSN Coordinator ad interim, HLPE-FSN Secretariat

Silvia Meiattini, Communications and outreach specialist, HLPE-FSN Secretariat 

[1] Malnutrition relates to a deficiency, excess, or imbalance of energy and other macro and micronutrients.

[2] The Permanent Forum reiterates its call at its twenty-first session for a clear distinction between Indigenous Peoples and local communities. All United Nations entities and States parties to treaties concerning the environment, biodiversity and climate are encouraged to eliminate the use of the term “local communities” in connection with Indigenous Peoples, so that the term “Indigenous Peoples and local communities” would be abolished (Report of the 22nd Session of the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (with Oral Amendments), 2023).

The Permanent Forum reiterates the position of the Special Rapporteur on the rights of Indigenous Peoples, namely that it is unacceptable to undermine the status and standing of Indigenous Peoples by combining or equating them with non-indigenous entities such as minorities, vulnerable groups or local communities. Such attempts, whether by States or United Nations entities, are not acceptable and will be challenged by Indigenous Peoples and those mandated to defend their rights. The Permanent Forum urges all United Nations entities and States parties to treaties concerning the environment, biodiversity and the climate to eliminate the use of the term “local communities” in conjunction with Indigenous Peoples, so that the term “indigenous peoples and local communities” would be abolished (Report on the Twenty-First Session of the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, 2022). 

Foundational documents and principles

  1. Universal Declaration of Human Rights: The Declaration was proclaimed by the United Nations General Assembly in Paris on 10 December 1948 (General Assembly resolution 217 A) as a common standard of achievements for all peoples and all nations. For the first time, it sets out fundamental human rights to be universally protected. Article 25: 1 states: Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food… Full text: https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights

  2. United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP): This Declaration, adopted in 2007, provides a global framework for efforts to protect and advance Indigenous Peoples’ rights, including food and knowledge systems. It recognizes that respect for Indigenous knowledge, cultures and traditional practices contribute to sustainable and equitable development and proper management of the environment; and that Indigenous Peoples have the right to maintain, control, protect and develop their cultural heritage, traditional knowledge and traditional cultural expressions, as well as the manifestations of their sciences, technologies and cultures. Coverage includes human and genetic resources, seeds, medicines, knowledge of the properties of fauna and flora, oral traditions, literatures, designs. Full text: https://www.un.org/development/desa/indigenouspeoples/wp-content/uploads/sites/19/2018/11/UNDRIP_E_web.pdf

  3. Voluntary Guidelines to support the progressive realization of the right to adequate food in the context of national food security (Right to Food): The objective of the Right to Food, adopted by the FAO in 2004, is to provide practical guidance to States to achieve food security and nutritional adequacy for all. It recognizes that foods, diets and eating habits are vital to people’s cultures and traditions. Indigenous Peoples are identified as deserving special consideration in the context of access to resources and assets, land, and genetic resources for food and agriculture. Full text: https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/307a8e6b-c478-49ba-8a29-f97c825d5770/content

  4. Voluntary guidelines on the responsible governance of tenure of land, fisheries and forests in the context of national food security (VGGT): These Guidelines, endorsed by the Committee on World Food Security in 2012, call upon the States to recognize and protect the legitimate tenure rights of Indigenous Peoples and to consider adapting their policies and legal and organizational frameworks to Indigenous Peoples’ tenure systems, with the goals of food security, the right to adequate food, environmental protection, and more. Indigenous Peoples are identified as deserving special consideration; other groups are also listed (e.g., local communities). Full text: https://www.fao.org/4/i2801e/i2801e.pdf

  5. Rights of Nature (RoN): Rights of Nature is a legal instrument that describes inherent rights of ecosystems and species to have the same protection as people and corporations; that ecosystems and species have legal rights to exist, thrive and regenerate. In at least twelve countries, and several sovereign territories within countries, have enacted laws protecting rights for nature; many more countries are in the process of developing legislation. Indigenous worldviews align with and have accelerated the development of rights of nature law. https://www.garn.org/rights-of-nature/

  6. Guidelines on Indigenous Peoples’ Issues (GIPI): The purpose of GIPI is to assist the United Nations system in mainstreaming and integrating Indigenous Peoples’ issues in processes for operational activities and programmes at the country level. Full text: https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/UNDG_guidelines_EN.pdf

  7. Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention (C-169): This ILO convention, adopted in 1989, recognizes the rights of Indigenous Peoples within the nation-States where they live; their right to land, natural resources, and full participate in decision-making. It defines responsibilities of governments to protect these rights. Full text: https://www.refworld.org/legal/agreements/ilo/1989/en/19728

  8. Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework: This 2022 COP decision highlights the relationship and roles of Indigenous Peoples and local communities as custodians of biodiversity and as partners in its conservation, restoration and sustainable use. It specifies and reiterates in its targets that traditional knowledge, innovations, worldviews, values and practices of Indigenous and local communities are respected, documented and preserved. Full text: https://www.cbd.int/doc/decisions/cop-15/cop-15-dec-04-en.pdf

  9. Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity, also simply known as the Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS), Convention on Biological Diversity United Nations Environmental Programme, 2011: This protocol is an international agreement on the fair and equitable access to genetic resources and sharing of benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources, thereby contributing to the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. It notes the interrelationship between genetic resources and traditional knowledge, the importance for the conservation of biological diversity and the sustainable use of its components, and for the sustainable livelihoods of these communities. It makes note of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. [Note: this document uses the phrase, “indigenous and local communities,” as do most treaties and guidelines from the CBD.]  Full text: https://www.cbd.int/abs/doc/protocol/nagoya-protocol-en.pdf

  10. Free, Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC): FPIC is a specific right, recognized in the UNDRIP and ABS, which allows Indigenous Peoples to provide or withhold/ withdraw consent, at any point, regarding projects impacting their territories; and to engage in negotiations to shape the design, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation of projects. 

  11. The White/Wiphala Paper on Indigenous Peoples’ food systems: This paper, published as a contribution to the 2021 UN Food Systems Summit, addresses Indigenous Peoples foods, food systems, and traditional knowledge, and how they contribute to resilience and sustainability of food systems worldwide. It presents the perspective that Indigenous Peoples’ traditional knowledge is evidence-based; i.e., it has methodological, substantive and contextual strengths equal to or indeed beyond those of many (dominant) scientific study designs. Full text: https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/3462ba89-ea23-4d49-a3bf-e64bdcc83613/content

  12. Indigenous Youth Global Declaration on Sustainable and Resilient Food Systems: This paper, delivered and published in 2021, presents perspectives and actionable recommendations on respecting, preserving and revitalizing Indigenous Peoples food and knowledge systems, and traditional diets and practices. Full text: https://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/faoweb/2021/Indigenous/EN_Indigenous_Youth_Global_Declaration_on_Sustainable_and_Resilient_Food_Systems.pdf

  13. Local Biodiversity Outlooks 2: This 2020 report highlights the role of Indigenous Peoples and local communities in providing nature-based solutions for conserving, protecting and sustainably using biodiversity through traditional knowledge and practices. They highlight the effective transformations needed for recognizing and respecting diverse ways of knowing and being, revitalizing Indigenous and local food systems, tackling environmental crises, and inclusive decision-making. Full text: https://localbiodiversityoutlooks.net/publications/

Additional references

Azam-Ali, S. et al. (2023). Marginal Areas and Indigenous People Priorities for Research and Action. In: von Braun, J., Afsana, K., Fresco, L.O., Hassan, M.H.A. (eds) Science and Innovations for Food Systems Transformation. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15703-5_14

FAO and Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT. (2021). Indigenous Peoples’ Food Systems: Insights on sustainability and resilience from the front line of climate change. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb5131en

FAO. (2016). Free Prior and Informed Consent: An indigenous peoples’ right and a good practice for local communities: Manual for project practioners. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/8a4bc655-3cf6-44b5-b6bb-ad2aeede5863/content

HLPE. (2017). Nutrition and food systems. A report by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition. https://www.fao.org/cfs/cfs-hlpe/publications/hlpe-12 www.fao.org/cfs/cfs-hlpe

HLPE. (2017). Sustainable forestry for food security and nutrition A report by The High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition. https://www.fao.org/cfs/cfs-hlpe/publications/hlpe-11/en

HLPE. (2019). Agroecological and other innovative approaches/ A report by The High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition. https://www.fao.org/cfs/cfs-hlpe/publications/hlpe-14

HLPE. (2022). Critical, emerging and enduring issues for food security and nutrition. A report by The High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition. https://www.fao.org/3/cc1867en/cc1867en.pdf

HLPE. (2023). Reducing inequalities for food security and nutrition. A report by The High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition. https://www.fao.org/cfs/cfs-hlpe/publications/hlpe-18

IFAD. (2022). Sustainable and resilient Indigenous Peoples’ food systems for improved nutrition No Title. https://www.ifad.org/digital-toolbox/indigenous-peoples-food-systems/features.html

Kuhnlein, H., Erasmus, B., & Spigelski, D. (2009). Indigenous Peoples’ food systems: the many dimensions of culture, diversity and environment for nutrition and health. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and CINE. https://www.fao.org/4/i0370e/i0370e.pdf

Kuhnlein, H., Erasmus, B., Spigelski, D., & Burlingame, B. (2013). Indigenous Peoples’ food systems and well-being: interventions and policies for healthy communities. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and CINE. https://www.fao.org/4/i3144e/i3144e.pdf

UN General Assembly. (2015). Right to Food. General Assembly Seventieth Session, A/70/287. https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Issues/Food/A-70-287.pdf

UNEP. (1992). Convention on biological diversity. https://wedocs.unep.org/handle/20.500.11822/8340;jsessionid=EF1F228DCABD0D7B5DC72F68338975A9

UNESCO. (2018). UNESCO policy on engaging with Indigenous Peoples. In United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000262748/PDF/262748eng.pdf.multi

United Nations. (2015). The UN Sustainable Development Goals.

UNPFII. (2022). Report on the Twenty-First Session of the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, Pub. L. No. E/2022/43-E/C.19/2022/11, United Nations, Economic and Social Council. https://social.desa.un.org/issues/indigenous-peoples/unpfii/unpfii-twenty-first-session-25-april-6-may-2022

UNPFII. (2023). Report of the 22nd Session of the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (with Oral Amendments), E/2023/43-E/C.19/2023/7. https://social.desa.un.org/issues/indigenous-peoples/unpfii/unpfii-twenty-second-session-17-28-april-2023

World Health Assembly. (2023). The health of Indigenous Peoples. 76th World Health Assembly WHA76.16 Agenda item 16.3. https://doi.org/10.5334/dsj-2020-043

WB, The Indigenous Peoples' Resilience Framework: https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/4cafc3a906669ba0d34d4a39dc903472-0090012024/indigenous-peoples-resilience-framework-executive-summary

Please note that in parallel to this scoping consultation, the HLPE-FSN is calling for interested experts to candidate to the drafting team for this report. The call for candidature is open until 16 December 2024. Read more here

 

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I believe I can contribute by carrying out a survey among the indigenous communities of Brazil specifically in the state of Parana. About the impacts of the Brazilian Government's food acquisition program on these communities. A proposal that could see indigenous communities as food suppliers for local social entities and programs. Contributing to the fight against food insecurity.

To HLPE and FSN members:

As always, I appreciate the existence of this forum. I will briefly answer some of the suggested questions as a way to foster a healthy dialogue.

I believe we need to start considering the role that culture, society, and behavior play in food systems, especially the distinction between "nutritional needs" (calories, macro and micronutrients, etc.) and "food needs" (satiety, culturally appropriate food, personal tastes). Human beings do not eat calories; they eat food. The issues stemming from food insecurity have dramatic consequences, such as famine, hunger, and everything that comes with nutrient deficiency. However, there are other problems that we are starting to become aware of: the loss of traditional consumption patterns, the spread of the Western diet, and sedentary lifestyles.

All of these are threats to indigenous communities whose eating patterns are being disrupted by food systems increasingly tied to the Western diet. Often, changes in these food systems lead to less healthy diets or an increase in the price of certain foods, causing a lack of availability and access to food, which results in varying degrees of hunger (caloric, macro, and micronutrient), while also eliminating the possibility of choosing culturally appropriate foods. Indigenous groups, therefore, are generally more vulnerable to the "Westernization" of the food system.

2. Should the objectives include mainstreaming Indigenous Peoples food and knowledge systems, and lessons learned from them, for the benefit of all, or solely for the benefit of Indigenous Peoples as rights holders?

Given the points mentioned above, it is logical to think that indigenous groups deserve special attention. However, it must be noted that not all indigenous peoples face these problems. Indigeneity is strong in Latin America, where well-defined groups openly identify as "Indigenous." The reality is that not all minority ethnic groups (especially in Asia) label themselves as "Indigenous peoples." This makes it difficult to determine which communities are "ethnically vulnerable" to the "Westernization of the diet."

It is also true that indigenous peoples are not the only ones who possess valuable traditional knowledge; many other ethnic groups outside the "Indigenous" label hold similar knowledge and are equally vulnerable.

Therefore, I believe it is crucial to study the traditional knowledge of these vulnerable communities (with a focus on Indigenous people). The benefits of that knowledge should be utilized, particularly for vulnerable groups, regardless of their designation as Indigenous.

3. What are the challenges related to Free, Prior, and Informed Consent and Access and Benefit Sharing when widely promoting and/or mainstreaming Indigenous Peoples' food and knowledge systems?

Informed consent is necessary in all cases, whether they involve indigenous, local, or rural communities. The main challenge is that traditional indigenous knowledge may have limited applicability beyond its original context. Like any good practice (indigenous or otherwise), it has been developed in a specific context, and its implementation depends largely on the user. Therefore, it is important to acknowledge that most practices have limited applicability in different contexts, especially at the policy level.

There are also many cases where such knowledge, like ethnobotanical knowledge and seed development, could be potentially harmful to communities if not properly managed. This type of knowledge requires special treatment, allowing the communities more control over its use.

4. How can the report ensure the inclusion of marginalized groups, sustainability, and protection against commercialization risks for Indigenous Peoples' food and knowledge systems?

In this case, I believe it is necessary to focus on national-level policy, creating policies that support planning food systems, and favoring short production and marketing channels while considering the impact of food system changes to Western values on specific regions.

5. How should oral knowledge and traditions be documented and referenced in the development of the report?

I think the inventory should be categorized by the area of impact: agroecology, management, ethnobotany, etc.

Then, it should outline the potential uses of each practice in the inventory according to its type and ensure that informed consent is as comprehensive as possible.

9. What best practices, ethical standards, and strategies for addressing climate change should be highlighted in the report?

I believe agroecological practices adapted to the territory are possibly the most valuable knowledge that indigenous peoples have. These practices allow for comprehensive territorial management and the creation of short marketing circuits, which benefit the sustainable food systems we need.

Thank you for your attention and for the space in this forum.

Best regards,

 

Para los miembros del HLPE y FSN:

Como siempre, agradezco la existencia de este foro. Responderé brevemente algunas de las preguntas sugeridas como una forma de fomentar un diálogo saludable.

Creo que necesitamos empezar a considerar el papel que juegan la cultura, la sociedad y el comportamiento en los sistemas alimentarios, especialmente la distinción entre "necesidades nutricionales" (calorías, macro y micronutrientes, etc.) y "necesidades alimentarias" (saciedad, alimentos culturalmente apropiados, gustos personales). Los seres humanos no comen calorías; comen alimentos. Los problemas derivados de la inseguridad alimentaria tienen consecuencias dramáticas, como hambrunas, hambre y todo lo que conlleva la falta de nutrientes. Sin embargo, hay otros problemas de los que estamos empezando a ser conscientes: la pérdida de patrones tradicionales de consumo, la expansión de la dieta occidental y los estilos de vida sedentarios.

Todos estos son amenazas para las comunidades indígenas cuyas pautas alimentarias están siendo perturbadas por sistemas alimentarios cada vez más ligados a la dieta occidental. A menudo, los cambios en estos sistemas alimentarios conducen a dietas menos saludables o a un aumento en el precio de ciertos alimentos, lo que genera falta de disponibilidad y acceso a alimentos, provocando distintos grados de hambre (calórica, macro y micronutricional), al mismo tiempo que elimina la posibilidad de elegir alimentos culturalmente apropiados. Por lo tanto, los grupos indígenas están generalmente en una situación más vulnerable frente a la "occidentalización" del sistema alimentario.

2. ¿Deberían los objetivos incluir la integración de los sistemas alimentarios y de conocimiento de los pueblos indígenas, y las lecciones aprendidas de ellos, para el beneficio de todos, o únicamente para el beneficio de los pueblos indígenas como titulares de derechos?

Teniendo en cuenta los puntos mencionados anteriormente, es lógico pensar que los grupos indígenas merecen especial atención. Sin embargo, es necesario señalar que no todos los pueblos indígenas enfrentan estos problemas. El indigenismo es fuerte en América Latina, donde hay grupos bien definidos que se identifican abiertamente como "Indígenas". La realidad es que no todos los grupos étnicos minoritarios (especialmente en Asia) se autodenominan "pueblos indígenas". Esto hace difícil determinar cuáles son las comunidades "étnicamente vulnerables" a la "occidentalización de la dieta".

Es también cierto que los pueblos indígenas no son los únicos que poseen un conocimiento tradicional valioso; muchos otros grupos étnicos fuera del rótulo de "Indígena" poseen conocimientos similares y son igualmente vulnerables.

Por lo tanto, creo que es crucial estudiar el conocimiento tradicional de estas comunidades vulnerables (con un enfoque en los pueblos indígenas). Los beneficios de ese conocimiento deben utilizarse especialmente en grupos vulnerables, independientemente de su designación como Indígenas.

3. ¿Cuáles son los desafíos relacionados con el Consentimiento Libre, Previo e Informado y el Acceso y Reparto de Beneficios cuando se promueven o se integran ampliamente los sistemas alimentarios y de conocimiento de los pueblos indígenas?

El consentimiento informado es necesario en todos los casos, ya sea que se trate de comunidades indígenas, locales o rurales. El principal desafío es que el conocimiento tradicional indígena puede tener una aplicación limitada fuera de su contexto original. Como cualquier buena práctica (indígena o no), ha sido desarrollada en un contexto específico, y su implementación depende en gran medida del usuario. Por lo tanto, es importante reconocer que la mayoría de las prácticas tienen una aplicación limitada en diferentes contextos, especialmente a nivel de políticas.

Además, existen muchos otros casos en los que este tipo de conocimiento, como el conocimiento etnobotánico y el desarrollo de semillas, podría ser potencialmente peligroso para las comunidades si no se maneja adecuadamente. Este tipo de conocimiento requiere un tratamiento especial, permitiendo a las comunidades un mayor control sobre su uso.

4. ¿Cómo puede el informe garantizar la inclusión de grupos marginados, la sostenibilidad y la protección contra los riesgos de comercialización de los sistemas alimentarios y de conocimiento de los pueblos indígenas?

En este caso, creo que es necesario centrarse en las políticas a nivel nacional, creando políticas que apoyen la planificación de sistemas alimentarios, favoreciendo canales de producción y comercialización cortos, y al mismo tiempo considerando el impacto que los cambios en el sistema alimentario hacia valores occidentales pueden generar en ciertas regiones.

5. ¿Cómo deberían documentarse y referenciarse los conocimientos y tradiciones orales en el desarrollo del informe?

Creo que el inventario debería clasificarse por área de impacto: agroecología, gestión, etnobotánica, etc. Luego, se deben marcar los posibles usos que cada práctica puede tener en el inventario según su tipo, y asegurar que el consentimiento informado sea lo más completo posible.

9. ¿Qué buenas prácticas, estándares éticos y estrategias para abordar el cambio climático deberían destacarse en el informe?

Creo que las prácticas agroecológicas adaptadas al territorio son posiblemente el conocimiento más valioso que poseen los pueblos indígenas. Estas prácticas permiten una gestión integral del territorio y la creación de circuitos cortos de comercialización, lo cual es beneficioso para los sistemas alimentarios sostenibles que necesitamos.

Agradezco su atención y el espacio en este foro.

Mis mejores deseos

 

See the attachments:

Esteemed HLPE Panelists & Dear FSN Members,

My name is Dong-Gill Kim, and I am currently working at the Wondo Genet College of Forestry and Natural Resources, Hawassa University, Ethiopia (https://donggillkim.blogspot.com/)

Climate change is exacerbating drought frequency and severity, posing a grave threat to conventional agricultural systems and global food security. This report can investigate the potential of underutilized plant species and agroecological practices by indigenous peoples and local communities (IPLCs) to enhance drought resilience in vulnerable regions.

The primary objectives of this research are fourfold:

  1. Identify and characterize the drought-resistant traits and adaptations exhibited by underutilized plant species/agroecological practices within IPLCs.
  2. Elucidate the underlying ecological principles and traditional knowledge that contribute to the success of these practices.
  3. Evaluate the feasibility and scalability of implementing these practices in drought-prone areas for wider adoption.
  4. Promote a paradigm shift towards integrating underutilized plants and agroecological practices as cornerstones of climate-smart agricultural strategies.

There are a plethora of strategies for addressing climate change which indigenous and local peoples (IPLCs) have adopted across the globe for diverse ecosystems. These strategies are however driven directly by factors relating to land or sea uses, the extent of the degradation and the dependency of IPLCs on the natural resource base for their livelihoods. To a significant extent, the response and actions to climate change by IPLCs are indirectly driven by the prevailing governance systems, economic trends and demographic changes. Overall, IPLCs response to climate change is not isolated in a vacuum but inherently interlinked to their responses to other stimuli associated with their quest to access food, water, health and energy from their surrounding natural resource base. The drivers of these interlink must be clearly reviewed, examined and documented for comprehensive policy actions.

Response to HLPE-FSN Consultation on Indigenous Peoples' Food Systems

Mainstreaming Indigenous Peoples' Food and Knowledge Systems

Indigenous people have long been utilising sustainable practices to address global food security and tackle present-day environmental issues. Such systems, which are grounded in their connection with regional environments, are beneficial for understanding the practices of resources and species conservation (Ford et al., 2020). Mainstreaming Indigenous Peoples’ food and knowledge systems can benefit not only Indigenous peoples but also the worldwide agriculture domain as well. Integrated aquatic and terrestrial systems represent ecological and environmentally sustainable systems of food production that are useful in the context of current and projected global food insecurity (FAO, 2023). However, the ultimate beneficiaries must continue to be the indigenous peoples involved within the framework of recognising strict rights. The Coalition on Indigenous Peoples' Food Systems, founded in 2021, focuses on maintaining food systems based on the broader necessary food systems transformation while foregrounding Indigenous Peoples’ self-determination in these matters (FAO, 2024). Acknowledging that mainstreaming such systems can be benevolent in a way distinct from Indigenous peoples, the overall goal has to be in their service as the rightful owners of this knowledge. For indigenous peoples, their food systems are more than their farm management; they are their way of living and being. According to the Coalition, maintaining these systems is important for guiding change to the global food systems while respecting indigenous sovereignty. Evaluating mainstreaming calls for many precautions, where Indigenous Peoples’ Free, Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC) will always be respected. 

Strategies for Safeguarding Indigenous Knowledge While Promoting Global Sustainability

Key lessons related to climate change and food security can be learnt from the Indigenous Peoples' food systems. These practices, including seed protection, use of trees as sources of food and feeds, farming on a rotation system and more, have enhanced the improvement of agroecological systems over several generations. Many of these involve insights for global sustainability that have been given global platforms such as COP27, which sees Indigenous knowledge as an invaluable game changer in climate change adaptation (Kuhnlein & Chotiboriboon, 2022). Nevertheless, it is critical to involve the required minorities adequately, champion sustainability, and prevent these systems from being commercialised. The report should emphasise that marginalised groups must be engaged in any international processes to avoid other people taking advantage and interpreting their knowledge systems in whichever manner they feel pleased. Prescribing competent collaborations with Indigenous peoples and reciprocal knowledge sharing, including the Global Hub on Indigenous Peoples' Food Systems, would be productive.

This would enhance the provision of possible solutions, which would help solve global challenges and embrace culture. The report must also address the problem of transforming Indigenous knowledge into commodities, without proper regard for the culture behind those systems (Kom et al., 2024). In this regard, the report should recommend legal instruments to ensure FPIC and ABS compliance on any planned development of the indigenous peoples' ancestral domains. These mechanisms ensure that the Indigenous communities give their permission to use their intellectual property and get paid for it.

Additionally, there is a need to seek cross-cultural understanding to fusion Indigenous knowledge with contemporary practices. Reciprocity for sustainability to be achieved will facilitate understanding Indigenous knowledge as having a spiritual, cultural, and environmental dimension. In this way, the report focuses on how these strategies can strengthen and sustain Indigenous food systems for future generations.

Documentation and Referencing of Oral Knowledge and Traditions

When developing the HLPE-FSN report, Indigenous peoples' knowledge and knowledge transmission processes and practices should, therefore, be recorded in ways that are sensitive to Indigenous peoples and in ways that are endorsed by Indigenous communities. Indigenous languages and forms of knowledge that do not depend on writing should be prioritised as they reflect the cultural value of the transmitted information. One highly useful example is the model of organisation development whereby learners are taken through community-based education programs that incorporate master knowledge bearers. The mentorship approach ensures that the expertise found in hunting, fishing, and the use of medicinal plants is genuine and cutting-edge (Oladele & Amara, 2024). Presenting actual people's knowledge with the use of audio narrations, videos, and participatory discussing tools averts the misrepresentation of actuality with formal written documentation, thus taking the knowledge into different audience spaces while retaining its originality. It is also important that, when archiving said practices, one employs a decolonial method of working. This means that attempts are being made to not fit indigenous knowledge into Western frameworks (Antonelli, 2023). The report should focus on the need to ensure Indigenous people’s participation in the documentation process, making sure that they determine how they want their knowledge to be portrayed. This type of information must be cited very carefully so that the origin and setting of such knowledge can be clearly seen. The efforts of knowledge holders and the communal attribute of Indigenous knowledge must be recognised. 

REFERENCES

  1. Antonelli, A. (2023). Indigenous knowledge is key to sustainable food systems. Nature, 613(7943), 239-242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/d41586-023-00021-4 
  2. FAO, 2023. Consultation on the scope of the report on Indigenous Peoples’ food and knowledge systems. [online] Available at: https://www.fao.org/cfs/cfs-hlpe/insights/news-insights/news-detail/consultation-on-the-scope-of-the-report-on-indigenous-peoples--food-and-knowledge-systems/ [Accessed 20 Sep. 2024].
  3. FAO, 2024. FAO’s side-event on the Coalition on Indigenous Peoples’ food systems at the UNPFII. [online] Available at: https://www.fao.org/indigenous-peoples/news-article/en/c/1681495/  [Accessed 20 Sep. 2024]
  4. Ford, J. D., King, N., Galappaththi, E. K., Pearce, T., McDowell, G., & Harper, S. L. (2020). The resilience of indigenous peoples to environmental change. One Earth, 2(6), 532-543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2020.05.014   
  5. Kom, Z., Nicolau, M. D., & Nenwiini, S. C. (2024). The Use of Indigenous Knowledge Systems Practices to Enhance Food Security in Vhembe District, South Africa. Agricultural Research, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40003-024-00716-8 
  6. Kuhnlein, H. V., & Chotiboriboon, S. (2022). Why and how to strengthen indigenous peoples’ food systems with examples from two unique indigenous communities. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 6, 808670. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2022.808670 
  7. Oladele, O. I., & Amara, A. (2024). Farmers’ use of Indigenous knowledge on climate change adaptation across farming systems and agroecological zones of Sierra Leone. AlterNative: An International Journal of Indigenous Peoples, 20(3), 473-483. https://doi.org/10.1177/11771801241251862

I would like to propose our research project on alternative food in times of crisis, which developed from the UN SDG good practice 2020 project, which may increase food security and nutrition to conserve, strengthen and empower local indigenous peoples in communities around the world who face difficulties in importing food from abroad, which is a staple food such as wheat flour, butter or etc.  During crises such as wars, migrations or pandemics, which may benefit local communities facing such crises and to demonstrate knowledge to produce nutritious food or equitable substitutes.  From locally sourced ingredients to guide practices for a sustainable food system.

Pathawit Chongsermsirisakul, SiPa Research Organization, Thailand

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Additional comment from Dr. Siripen Iamurai, Palais des Nations , Objectif Science International , SiPa Research Organization, Switzerland

" Our research that Prof. Pathawit mention as: https://www.facebook.com/watch?v=7990043957789794"

 

The framework outlines essential considerations for preserving and promoting Indigenous Peoples' food and knowledge systems. Each point reflects a nuanced understanding of the challenges and opportunities faced by Indigenous communities globally. This summary aims to compel the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and other global entities to adopt effective and equitable policies by emphasizing the importance of Indigenous rights, traditional knowledge, and the need for inclusive policy frameworks.

1. Agreement with Guiding Principles

The guiding principles form a critical foundation for this research. They promote a rights-based approach that acknowledges Indigenous Peoples as rights holders, emphasizing respect for their traditional knowledge and cultural heritage. This perspective is crucial in setting an inclusive and contextually relevant framework. For global policymakers, including the FAO, this means adopting practices that genuinely respect and integrate Indigenous rights into food systems and agricultural policies.

2. Objectives: Mainstreaming vs. Indigenous Peoples' Benefit

The dual objectives of focusing on Indigenous benefits while sharing lessons from Indigenous food systems for broader agricultural sustainability is a compelling approach. This strategy highlights the need for inclusiveness without compromising the unique rights of Indigenous Peoples. Global policies should prioritize Indigenous Peoples as primary beneficiaries of their knowledge systems, thereby ensuring that their traditional practices contribute to and enrich global agricultural systems. The FAO can lead by facilitating platforms where Indigenous wisdom informs sustainable practices across diverse contexts.

3. Challenges Related to FPIC and ABS

The challenges surrounding Free, Prior, and Informed Consent (FPIC) and Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS) frameworks are significant. A lack of consistent implementation often leads to exploitation and misunderstandings of Indigenous knowledge. Power imbalances further complicate genuine consent, and bureaucratic hurdles inhibit timely participation from Indigenous communities. Addressing these challenges requires the FAO to advocate for clearer, more accessible guidelines and to support the establishment of mechanisms that facilitate genuine dialogue and consent. This will not only uphold Indigenous rights but also enhance the legitimacy of agricultural policies and initiatives.

4. Inclusion of Marginalized Groups and Protection Against Commercialization Risks

Inclusion of diverse Indigenous communities especially marginalized groups must be prioritized in policy discussions. Intersectional considerations of gender, age, and socioeconomic status are vital for ensuring equitable representation. The FAO should establish comprehensive guidelines that address commercialization risks, protecting cultural integrity and community governance. By doing so, policies can foster ethical sharing of knowledge while safeguarding Indigenous rights, leading to sustainable economic opportunities for these communities.

5. Documentation and Reference of Oral Knowledge

The respect and documentation of oral knowledge are pivotal in preserving Indigenous culture. Collaborative documentation practices that involve Indigenous knowledge holders will ensure cultural sensitivity and proper attribution. The FAO can play a crucial role by developing protocols for ethical documentation and sharing, reinforcing the principles of FPIC. Supporting Indigenous-led initiatives for documentation can empower communities and enhance their control over their knowledge.

6. Dimensions Linked to Indigenous Peoples’ Agency

Empowering Indigenous governance systems is essential for enhancing agency and fostering sustainable practices. Policies should recognize and incorporate Indigenous leadership in decision-making processes related to food and environmental management. The FAO can facilitate partnerships that strengthen Indigenous governance, enabling communities to reclaim their roles as stewards of their lands and resources. Highlighting Indigenous-led initiatives in policy frameworks will illustrate their effectiveness and the importance of Indigenous knowledge in achieving sustainability.

7. Missing Policy Papers and Instruments

The integration of key instruments, such as UNDRIP and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), into global policy frameworks is crucial. These documents provide a solid foundation for recognizing Indigenous rights and can guide the development of robust ABS frameworks. The FAO should champion these instruments, ensuring that they are not only referenced but actively incorporated into policy-making processes. This alignment will enhance the credibility and effectiveness of global food systems.

8. Relevant References to Consider

To inform policy effectively, the FAO should utilize a range of relevant references, including reports from the International Indigenous Forum on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. Academic literature on Indigenous food systems and traditional ecological knowledge can provide valuable insights into sustainable practices. By integrating this knowledge into policy discussions, the FAO can strengthen its commitment to preserving Indigenous cultures and promoting biodiversity.

9. Best Practices, Ethical Standards, and Climate Change Strategies

Best practices must include community-led biodiversity conservation and integrated agroecological practices that emphasize resilience. Ethical frameworks for sharing knowledge should be established, highlighting the importance of community consent and governance. The FAO has the opportunity to promote these practices globally, showcasing successful Indigenous models as examples of sustainable development. By investing in these strategies, the FAO can contribute to mitigating climate change while honoring Indigenous contributions.

10. Promoting Cross-Cultural Understanding

Promoting cross-cultural understanding is essential for building respect and cooperation between Indigenous and non-Indigenous communities. Educational programs that highlight Indigenous knowledge should be integrated into curricula at all levels. Collaborative research projects can bridge gaps between Indigenous knowledge holders and scientists, fostering mutual learning and respect. Public awareness campaigns can elevate the visibility of Indigenous food systems, fostering appreciation for their value in global food security. The FAO can spearhead these initiatives, creating a more inclusive and informed global dialogue.

11. Need for Revision of Legal Documents

Legal frameworks must evolve to reflect the dynamic understanding of Indigenous rights and knowledge systems. Engaging Indigenous communities in the revision process will ensure that policies are culturally relevant and reflective of their needs. The FAO should advocate for adaptable legal frameworks that prioritize Indigenous voices and promote ongoing consultation. This approach will reinforce the legitimacy of policies and enhance their effectiveness in supporting Indigenous food systems.

Conclusion

Revising legal documents to support Indigenous Peoples' food and knowledge systems is not merely a regulatory update; it is a critical step towards justice and equity. These revisions can have profound implications for global policy, fostering an inclusive approach that respects and uplifts Indigenous voices, ultimately contributing to more sustainable and resilient food systems worldwide.

Please find attached my input

See the attachments:

Dr. Pradip Dey

ICAR-Agricultural Technology Application Research Institute, Kolkata
India

Esteemed HLPE Panelists & Dear FSN Members,

Greetings!

I think it is important to harnessing the indigenous technical knowledge in nutrient management, which is given below:

As defined by the Convention on Biological Diversity, Article 8 (j), traditional knowledge refers to the knowledge, innovations and practices of indigenous and local communities around the world; traditional knowledge is mainly of a practical nature, particularly in such fields as agriculture, fisheries, health, horticulture, and forestry. Farmers in different parts of the world especially in poor and marginal indigenous groups of south Asia and Africa are experimenting with the agricultural adaptation measures in response to climatic variability for centuries. There is a wealth of knowledge for a range of measures that can help in developing agri-technologies to overcome climate vulnerabilities. Research works from plateau region clearly demonstrate that indigenous people and their knowledge are central to the adaptive changes for sustainable agriculture using available natural resources essential to face the world’s changing climate (Dey and Sarkar, 2011). In one such practice for direct seeded rice, cowdung is powdered and mixed thoroughly with the soil after broadcasting of rice seeds and then planking (leveling the land surface after cultivation with wood log) is done. This helps in, since nitrogen mineralization is essentially a microbial mediated process and with powdering and mixing, the process occurs faster. Research has shown that such practice helps better nutrient uptake by the young plants due to better mineralization of nitrogen from the manure under improved water holding capacity of the soil. There is a need to harness and manage such knowledge and fine-tune them to suit the modern needs.

Reference:

Dey, P. and Sarkar, A.K. (2011). Revisiting indigenous farming knowledge of Jharkhand (India) for conservation of natural resources and combating climate change. Indian J. Traditional Knowledge 10(1): 71-79.

[https://nopr.niscair.res.in/handle/123456789/11067]