Map 1. Global distribution of AIV with zoonotic potential observed since 1 October 2025 (i.e. current wave)

Symbols may overlap for events in similar geographic locations.

Notes: Refer to the disclaimer available on this webpage for the names and boundaries in this map. The final boundary between the Sudan and South Sudan has not yet been determined. The final status of the Abyei area is not yet determined. The dotted line represents approximately the Line of Control in Jammu and Kashmir agreed upon by India and Pakistan. The final status of Jammu and Kashmir has not yet been agreed upon by the parties.
Source: United Nations Geospatial. 2020. Map of the World. [Cited August 2026]. Modified with GLW 4 data and Emergency Prevention System Global Animal Disease Information System (EMPRES-i), WOAH and National Authorities data, 2025.

Map 2. Global distribution of AIV with zoonotic potential* observed in the period 1 October 2024 to 30 September 2025 (i.e. previous wave)

Symbols may overlap for events in similar geographic locations.

Notes: Refer to the disclaimer available on this webpage for the names and boundaries in this map. Final boundary between the Sudan and South Sudan has not yet been determined. Final status of the Abyei area is not yet determined. Dotted line represents approximately the Line of Control in Jammu and Kashmir agreed upon by India and Pakistan. The final status of Jammu and Kashmir has not yet been agreed upon by the parties.
Source: United Nations Geospatial. 2020. Map of the World. [Cited October 2025]. Modified with GLW 4 data and Emergency Prevention System Global Animal Disease Information System (EMPRES-i), WOAH and National Authorities data, 2025.

Recent publications

Domestic

Reassortment of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza as a Driver for Zoonotic Spillover, Asia. Emerg Infect Dis, 32(10). [reference]

Genetic Diversity of Clade 2.3.4.4b H5Nx High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Viruses Detected in Korea During the 2025-2026 Winter Season and Pathogenicity of H5N1 and H5N9 Viruses. Virus Res, 2026 Sep 22:199807. [reference]

Emergence of Novel Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus A(H5N1) Clade 2.3.4.4b in Commercial Poultry, Bangladesh. Influenza Other Respir Viruses, 20(9):e70324. [reference]

Role of biosecurity practices in antimicrobial use on commercial poultry farms: One health implications for AMR mitigation in Bangladesh. One Health, 23:101555. [reference]

H5N1 clade 2.3.2.1e lineage transition in Lao PDR during 2023-2024 associated with regional spread and human infection risk-associated receptor-binding features. Front Public Health, 14:1923867.  [reference]

An outbreak of H7N7 high pathogenicity avian influenza in Victoria, Australia, in 2020. Aust Vet J, 2026 Sep 8. [reference]

Wild

Circulation of avian influenza viruses in migratory birds in Europe and in Africa: a systematic review. Emerg Microbes Infect, 15(1):2728774. [reference]

Genomic detection of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 in Antarctic seabirds reveals connectivity with South American viral lineages. Braz J Microbiol, 57(1):273. [reference]

Serological Evidence of Widespread Exposure to H5 Avian Influenza Virus in Arctic Foxes in Svalbard, Norway. BioRxiv, 2026.09.17.752278. [reference] Preprint

Emergence of novel highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza in slender-billed gulls (Chroicocephalus genei) and gull-billed terns (Gelochelidon nilotica) at Dukan Lake, Iraq. Open Vet J, 16(2):788-801. [reference]

The first high pathogenicity avian influenza A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b incursions in the Hunter New England region, New South Wales, Australia, June-July 2026. Commun Dis Intell, 50. [reference]

Mammal

Experimental Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Clade 2.3.4.4b Virus Infection in Alpacas, 2026. Emerg Infect Dis, 32(10). [reference]

Viral community structure in New Zealand's aquatic birds is associated with scavenging behavior. Curr Biol, 2026 Sep 9:S0960-9822(26)01087-0. [reference]

Molecular Surveillance Finds No Influenza A Infection in Domestic Cats in Dhaka. Ecohealth, 2026 Sep 13. [reference]

Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) in domestic cats: epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and One Health implication. Vet Ital, 62(3). [reference]

H5N1 Clade 2.3.4.4b Infections in Domestic Cats During an Avian Influenza Outbreak in Italy: Implications for One Health Surveillance. Influenza Other Respir Viruses, 20(9):e70311. [reference]

Exposure of dogs to influenza A and B viruses. One Health, 23:101537. [reference]

Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in mammals: host-range expansion and implications of milk-borne viral shedding. Clin Microbiol Rev, 2026 Aug 31:e0021126. [reference]

Dairy

Susceptibility of calves fed unpasteurized milk from cows infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1. Nat Commun, 17(1):10036. [reference]

Trimester-dependent vertical transmission of H5N1 influenza virus through placental and mammary routes impairs offspring development. Nat Commun, 17(1):9968. [reference]

Bovine mammary tissues are susceptible to infection by viruses bearing panzootic H5N1 influenza A virus glycoproteins. J Gen Virol, 107(9):002338. [reference]

Virus

HA1-T138A and HA1-Q226L substitutions in H3N2 canine influenza virus contribute to binding to human-type alpha2,6-linked sialic acid receptors. Virology, 625:111071. [reference]

A Multi-Reassortant H3N8 Avian Influenza Virus Derived From Migratory Birds in Eastern China Exhibits Cross-Species Transmission Potential. Transbound Emerg Dis, 2026(1):e9889145. [reference]

Comprehensive pathological, immunohistochemical, and apoptotic analysis of the highly pathogenic avian influenza a virus H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b in poultry in Taiwan. Poult Sci, 105(12):107614. [reference]

Novel emerging reassortant H6 avian influenza viruses with internal genes from G57 genotype of H9N2 pose potential zoonotic risk. Emerg Microbes Infect, 15(1):2732846. [reference]

Genetic Diversity, Reassortment Patterns, and Antigenic Characterization of Two H9N2 Avian Influenza Viruses Isolated from Quails in China. Viruses, 18(8):919. [reference]

Genetic and Pathogenicity Studies of Avian Influenza (H9N2) Virus Isolated from Chickens in Jiangsu Province, China, in 2025. Microorganisms, 14(8):1667. [reference]

Molecular epidemiological characteristics of H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus in the external environment of western Zhejiang, China, 2014-2025. Front Public Health, 14:1839754. [reference]

Single-cell transcriptomic landscape of avian influenza H9N2 virus infection in human and chicken cells. Virology, 625:111070. [reference]

Re-emergence of H10N3 Avian Influenza Viruses in China: Evolutionary Dynamics and Emerging Zoonotic Risk. J Infect, 2026 Sep 7:106848. [reference]

Sampling & Assay

Water-Wheat-Wait: Monitoring wild mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) for avian influenza and ESBL-E. coli using feed-baited water bins, Germany, 2022 to 2023. One Health, 23:101548. [reference]

Evaluating sampling strategies for the detection of avian influenza viruses in the environment. Virology, 625:111069. [reference]

Divergent avian strains drive an off-season influenza A peak in municipal wastewater. Microbiol Spectr, 2026 Sep 8:e0202726. [reference]

Tradeoffs between targeted and expanded testing strategies for influenza A(H5N1). ASM Case Rep, 2(5):e00053-26. [reference]

Quadruplex real-time RT-qPCR for simultaneous detection and subtyping of avian influenza viruses and avian coronaviruses. Poult Sci, 105(12):107732. [reference]

Development and Analytical Validation of a Multiplex Real-Time RT-PCR Assay for Simultaneous Detection of Avian Influenza A Virus and Newcastle Disease Virus. Pathogens, 15(8):802. [reference]

An interface-engineered signal-on electrochemical aptasensor for H5N2 avian influenza virus detection. Analyst, 2026 Sep 8. [reference]

Assessment

Using high frequency GPS data to assess wintering goose proximity to commercial poultry facilities on the Delmarva peninsula for avian influenza risk management and surveillance. PLoS One, 21(9):e0355415. [reference]

Spatiotemporal clustering of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 at the wild waterfowl-poultry interface: Vector-specific spillover risks in the U.S., 2022-2025. PLoS One, 21(9):e0345354. [reference]

Production-Type-Specific Spatial and Space-Time Clustering of High-Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Outbreaks in Layer and Duck Farms in the Republic of Korea, 2020-2026. Animals (Basel), 16(16):2543. [reference]

District-Level Risk Mapping of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Poultry in Kazakhstan Using a Multi-Criteria Decision Model. Pathogens, 15(8):796. [reference]

Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Related to Avian Influenza Among Poultry Workers in Cambodia. Influenza Other Respir Viruses, 20(9):e70321. [reference]

Lessons learnt & Overview

Lessons Learned During the 2024-2025 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus Outbreak Response in the United States: The Experience of State and Local Public Health Departments. Am J Public Health, 2026 Sep 3:e1-e7. [reference]

From fragmentation to coordination: strengthening One Health research to support H5N1 preparedness in Cambodia. IJID Reg, 20:100967. [reference]

Surveillance without silos: a One Health data imperative for avian influenza in West Africa. Front Cell Infect Microbiol, 16:1927565. [reference]

Respiratory pandemic risk in the Anthropocene: A One Health framework and GISRS+ agenda. One Health, 23:101553. [reference]

FAO's support to countries

Global level

• Jointly with WHO, WOAH and the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS), FAO launched the Global framework to accelerate action on avian influenza that provides a strategic direction for collaboration, advocacy and resource mobilization while supporting countries in strengthening a coordinated One Health approach to avian influenza. [link]
• FAO hosted the Global Conference for Actions on One Health in Agrifood Systems on 21-23 September 2026 at FAO Headquarters in Rome, Italy. [link]
• FAO participated in the VETLAB Network Coordination Meeting with directors of African and Asian veterinary laboratories organized by the Joint FAO/IAEA Centre (Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture) (CJN) hosted at the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) headquarters on 17-21 August 2026 in Vienna, Austria.
• OFFLU (WOAH/FAO Network of Expertise on Animal Influenza) released a statement entitled Incursion of HPAI H5 into Australia and New Zealand with potential impact on wildlife populations and to spread further in Oceania. [link]
• FAO participated to the third KAPPA-FLU annual meeting held on 30 June – 2 July in Kalmar, Sweden, where participants presented their progress on research projects addressing various topics related to avian influenza. [link]
• FAO and OFFLU participated in the WHO Global Influenza Programme polymerase chain reaction (PCR), next-generation sequencing (NGS) and antiviral working group meetings in June 2026.

Regional/country level

• Americas
• The project “Preventing Infections through Vigilance at the Origin of Transmission in Latin America and the Caribbean (PIVOT)” was approved under the third call of the Pandemic Fund. The project will have a strong focus on avian influenza, support the strengthening of surveillance and laboratory capacities for early detection and response, facilitate cross-sector collaboration and boost preparedness. [link]
• In September a field mission was deployed to support Honduras´ response to HPAI following national request. Activities to support field laboratory and the One Health approach during HPAI emergency were implemented and coordinated with the Servicio Nacional de Sanidad e Inocuidad Agroalimentaria (SENASA), the regional and subregional offices. [link1; link2]
• The Quadripartite (FAO, WOAH, PAHO/WHO and UNEP), together with regional partners (Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture [IICA] and Organismo Internacional Regional de Sanidad Agropecuaria [OIRSA]), signed a Joint Declaration on One Health in the Americas in July 2026, marking the first regional agreement to strengthen coordination and collaborative action on zoonotic diseases, antimicrobial resistance, food safety, and environmental health threats with a One health approach. The Joint Declaration reinforces commitment to the One Health approach in the Americas. [link]
• FAO and the veterinary services of Peru (Servicio Nacional de Sanidad Agraria - SENASA) carried out on 4 September the first of a series of online training concerning the compartmentalization of domestic birds in relation to HPAI and Newcastle disease, and other areas of animal health preparedness and disease prevention. The regional office gave technical support and more than 85 personnel participated in the webinar. [link]
• In Chile, a workshop on risk communication during animal health threats and emergencies was held on 11-12 August in Santiago to strengthen veterinary services technical capacities under a project on epidemiological intelligence and biosecurity (GCP/GLO/1140/USA). Other countries were invited to share their experiences in risk communication, e.g. Dominican Republic and Trinidad and Tobago in Mesoamerica region. And a technical meeting was held on 24-25 August, discussed experiences, lesson learned and improvements to be done to the emergency response process for HPAI in the country, followed by the official closing ceremony with the national authorities.
• An HPAI simulation exercise was conducted in Trinidad and Tobago from 27 to 31 August under the Technical Cooperation Programme: Animal Disease Outbreak Response in Trinidad and Tobago. The activities included a tabletop simulation on both islands, field and laboratory drills as well as emergency communicational training. Around 100 participants actively participated in the activities. [link]

• Africa
  • As part of the World Bank Pandemic Fund project in Africa, FAO is supporting some veterinary laboratories in Sub-Saharan African countries namely Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Ghana, Sierra Leone, United Republic of Tanzania, and Zambia in their participation in the proficiency testing for the diagnosis of avian influenza (AI), Newcastle disease (ND), and rabies, coordinated by the Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe, FAO Reference Centre for avian influenza) in Padua, Italy.
  • FAO is organizing a regional training workshop on transport of infectious substances in accordance with the International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations (DGR) as part of the World Bank Pandemic Fund project in Africa. The training course, to be held in Rwanda from 7 to 11 September 2026, will train participants from veterinary laboratories in 10 sub-Saharan African countries namely Botswana, Eswatini, Lesotho, Malawi, Namibia, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe.
  • FAO Burundi has recently supported several initiatives aiming at strengthening surveillance, diagnosis and preparedness for health emergencies, as part of efforts to early detect, prevent and control HPAI. These initiatives include the development, updating, validation and harmonisation of standard operating procedures for the safe handling of biological samples for the benefit of the National Veterinary Laboratory.
  • In the Gambia, with support from FAO and the Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the Department of Livestock Services has validated a new HPAI contingency plan, upgraded its laboratory to run PCR tests and deployed rapid test kits for field testing. Personnel continue to be trained to use FAO Event Mobile Application (EMA-i) and KoboCollect for real-time reporting.
  • FAO is leading field missions in Ghana under the Ghana Pandemic Fund project to plan infrastructure renovations at its seven regional veterinary laboratories to boost their diagnostic capacities. The renovation would enhance capacity of laboratories in high-density poultry zones which is critical to effectively detecting and characterize infectious agents including avian influenza.

• North Africa and Middle East
• Regional One Health Coordination Mechanism (ROHCM) continues to function as the ongoing regional governance structure, bringing together the Quadripartite Regional One Health Coordination Group and its three technical working groups (Zoonoses, antimicrobial resistance [AMR], Food Safety). The mechanism is guided by the endorsed Regional One Health Action Plan (2025–2027) and remains the backbone for coordinated One Health implementation across the region. The current conflict situation in the region is adding substantial complexity to the implementation of ongoing activities across multiple sectors; however, efforts continue at regional and country levels to limit its impact and maintain progress wherever possible.
• In Tunisia, FAO trained 30 veterinarians from 11 to 13 August 2026 under the ASCO (Appui aux Services de Contrôles Officiels des Produits Animaux et Végétaux) project to strengthen the prevention, early detection and management of health risks in poultry farms. This three-day training combined biosecurity, inspection procedures, regulatory knowledge, crisis management and practical exercises to harmonize veterinary controls and enhance the resilience of the poultry sector, with a second session scheduled from 1 to 3 September 2026.

• Asia and the Pacific
• In Cambodia, FAO continued strengthening technical field capacity to the animal health officers at sub-national level including: In July, the After Action Review (AAR) for A/H5N1 Outbreak Response was conducted in Svay Rieng province on 23 July, co-organized with the General Directorate of Animal Health and Production (GDAHP), attended by officers from the OAHP of Svay Rieng province, as well as representatives from the Ministry of Health (MoH), Ministry of Environment (MoE), General Directorate of Forestry and Wildlife (GDFo), WHO and several development partners including Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), Agronomes & vétérinaires sans frontières (AVSF) and local authorities from the province. In August, the second-round training on HPAI virus Decontamination in the Field was held on 19–20 August, trained 33 national and provincial animal health and production offices from 9 provinces on practical knowledge based on FAO and GDAHP’s updated Technical Guidelines for HPAI Decontamination. Besides the technical guidance, participants are putting knowledge into practice through hands-on exercises, including preparing disinfectants, correctly using PPE and applying decontamination procedures in practical settings.
• In Lao PDR, FAO supported Rapid Response Team training in Bokeo Province from 30 June to 2 July 2026 to strengthen provincial preparedness for avian influenza outbreaks, including surveillance, outbreak investigation, biosafety, risk communication, and sample collection.
• In Nepal, FAO supported to conduct 2 slots of rapid response team (RRT) trainings during 16-17 July and 21-22 July 2026 in Kathmandu valley reaching to 60 animal health professionals to tackle with the increasing highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks in the country. Likewise, an emergency supply of PCR kits was provided to the Central Veterinary Laboratory to aid in rapid diagnosis of HPAI.
• On 11 August, FAO supported a poultry sector assessment workshop in Niue to better understand the current state of the poultry sector, including its key challenges and opportunities. The consultation workshop brought together village council representatives, government agencies, poultry producers, and other stakeholders to validate assessment findings, identify priority issues, and develop practical recommendations to strengthen poultry production across Niue. [link]
• In Pakistan, FAO has developed the National Guidelines for Sample Collection and Referral Mechanism. A Consultative Workshop was held on 29–30 July 2026 in Islamabad, under the FAO-implemented component of the Pakistan Pandemic Fund project, brought together animal health laboratory’s dedicated personnel from the federal reference laboratories and provincial veterinary diagnostic laboratories, together with academia, the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (UVAS), University of Sargodha, and Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi. The main objective was to review current field practices, refine national guidelines, and specific requirements for implementation and training plan for zoonotic disease sample collection, transportation and referral mechanism.
• FAO Pakistan and Pakistan National Veterinary Laboratory (NVL) organized the Animal Health Laboratory Networking Group (#NLNG, established since 2020) on 31 July 2026 in Islamabad with support from Pakistan Pandemic Fund project. The meeting brought together animal health laboratories, provincial livestock authorities, academia, and development partners to discuss and find consensus on national strategic laboratory priorities that will strengthen animal health laboratory systems for pandemic prevention, preparedness and response, while promoting coordinated networking among federal and provincial veterinary laboratories.
• In the Philippines, FAO conducted Local Animal Disease Detection and Emergency Response (LADDER) in August, including Tabletop Simulation Exercise on Avian Influenza in Regions 5, 10, and 13, to increase awareness and strengthen local preparedness on avian influenza and other transboundary animal diseases.
• FAO is planning to conduct an HPAI awareness and preparedness training in Solomon Islands in early October. In addition to staff from Biosecurity, Livestock, and Extension services, selected provincial staff will also participate in the training. The training will strengthen Solomon Islands’ capacity for HPAI prevention and preparedness, including the early identification, reporting, and communication of suspected cases, as well as an understanding of the basic procedures and actions to be undertaken in response to a suspected HPAI incident.
• In July, FAO supported a poultry capacity-building mission in Tuvalu, to help strengthen local egg production through practical farm management training, enhanced government–farmer collaboration, and improved disease preparedness. The mission provided hands-on training in Funafuti, Tuvalu on poultry production, biosecurity, animal welfare, record-keeping, and cost-of-production analysis. Participants also received training on avian influenza awareness and preparedness to support disease prevention and early detection. [link]
• In Viet Nam, FAO, in collaboration with the Department of Animal Health and Production (DAHP) of the Ministry of Agriculture and Environment is conducting active surveillance for avian influenza along the poultry value chain between September and December 2026.

Recommendations for affected countries and those at risk

For high-level, the recommendations from the FAO Global Dialogue - Tackling high pathogenicity avian influenza together provide a clear framework for coordinated science-based actions on Early detection, Rapid response, Biosecurity, Vaccination, Business and trade dimensions, One Health and systems-based approaches, Public-private partnerships.

For grass root level. the practical recommendations for day-to-day activities are suggested below to mitigate risk and reduce impact of HPAI.

General recommendations
It is important to report sick or dead birds – both wild birds and poultry - or wild mammals to local authorities (veterinary services, public health officials, community leaders etc.). These should be tested for avian influenza viruses.

Recommendations to poultry producers
Farmers and poultry producers should step up their biosecurity measures in order to prevent potential virus introduction from wild birds or their faeces.

For full recommendations including non-avian species please see [link].

Important links

• FAO Avian influenza dashboard [link]
• FAO, WHO, WOAH & CMS Global framework to accelerate action on avian influenza
• FAO & WOAH Global strategy for the prevention and control of high pathogenicity avian influenza (2024–2033) - Achieving sustainable, resilient poultry production systems
• FAO Alerts on Avian Influenza
• FAO/WHO/WOAH Updated joint FAO/WHO/WOAH public health assessment of recent influenza A(H5) virus events in animals and people - March 2026
• OECD‑FAO Agricultural Outlook 2026‑2035 [link]
• FAO HPAI website [link1, link2]
• FAO Recommendations from the FAO Global Dialogue - Tackling high pathogenicity avian influenza together.
• FAO Iguaçu statement from the 'Global Science, Policy and Private Sector Dialogue ― Tackling HPAI Together’
• FAO Improving poultry health and productivity - Practical training materials for veterinarians and farmers for better farm management
• FAO Virtual Learning Centers open access course “Introduction to Avian Influenza” - English, Spanish, Portuguese
• FAO Global Farmer Field School Platform
• FAO webinar series on pandemic prevention and response
• FAO Outbreak Costing Tool (OutCosT) and its webinar “Estimating the costs of disease outbreaks: Application of the OutCost tool” [recording]
• FAO Emergency and response to H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza in Central America, South America and the Caribbean - Regional technical report for the period October 2022 to September 2024 – English, Spanish
• FAO An evidence-based approach towards improving poultry biosecurity in Ashaiman Municipal District (Greater Accra Region, Ghana)
• FAO Biosecurity and epidemiological surveillance in backyard production systems - Spanish
• GF-TADs webinar: Update on latest initiatives for avian influenza prevention and control [webinar1, webinar2]
• OFFLU website
• OFFLU Beyond poultry: Rethinking monitoring and control of HPAI H5Nx anticipating spillover risks for mammals
• OFFLU Guidelines for High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus Risk Mitigation in Cattle
• ggFlu - global H5 genotyping system public web server
• EFSA Avian influenza overview June-August 2026
• PAHO Epidemiological Update Avian Influenza A(H5N1) in the Americas Region, 26 August 2026
• Scientific Task Force on Avian Influenza and Wild Birds H5N1 High pathogenicity avian influenza in wild birds - Unprecedented conservation impacts and urgent needs
• WHO Influenza at the human-animal interface summary and assessment, 6 September2026
• WOAH High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza (HPAI) Situation Report 86, 7 September 2026
• WOAH Surveillance of High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza for Smallholder Poultry Systems in Resource-Limited Settings
• The list of wild bird and mammalian species which have been infected with H5Nx HPAI [link]

Note: many publication links have been moved into ‘More important links’ below.

Disclaimer

Information provided herein is current as of the date of issue. Information added or changed since the last Global AIV with Zoonotic Potential situation update appears in orange. Human cases are depicted in the geographic location of their report. For some cases, exposure may have occurred in one geographic location but reported in another. For cases with unknown onset date, reporting date was used instead. FAO compiles information drawn from multiple national (Ministries of Agriculture or Livestock, Ministries of Health, Provincial Government websites; Centers for Disease Prevention and Control [CDC]) and international sources (World Health Organization [WHO], World Organisation for Animal Health [WOAH]), as well as peer reviewed scientific articles. FAO makes every effort to ensure, but does not guarantee, accuracy, completeness or authenticity of the information. The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on these map(s) do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of FAO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers and boundaries. Dashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement.