Map 1. Global distribution of AIV with zoonotic potential* observed since 1 October 2024 (i.e. current wave)

Note: Symbols may overlap for events in similar geographic locations.

Map 2. Global distribution of AIV with zoonotic potential* observed in the period 1 October 2023 to 30 September 2024 (i.e. previous wave)

Note: Symbols may overlap for events in similar geographic locations.

Recent publications

Dairy

Halwe, N.J., Cool, K., Breithaupt, A., Schön, J., Trujillo, J.D., Nooruzzaman, M., Kwon, T., et al. 2024. H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b dynamics in experimentally infected calves and cows. Nature, 2024 Sep 25. reference

Baker, A.L., Arruda, B., Palmer, M.V., Boggiatto, P., Davila, K.S., Buckley, A., Zanella, G.C., et al. 2024. Dairy cows inoculated with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1. Nature, 2024 Oct 15. reference

Giménez-Lirola, L.G., Cauwels, B., Mora-Díaz, J.C., Magtoto, R., Hernández, J., Cordero-Ortiz, M., Nelli, R.K., Gorden, P.J., Magstadt, D.R. & Baum, D.H.024. Detection and Monitoring of Highly Pathogenic Influenza A Virus 2.3.4.4b Outbreak in Dairy Cattle in the United States. Viruses, 16(9):1376. reference

Ríos Carrasco, M., Gröne, A., van den Brand, J.M.A., de Vries, R.P. 2024. The mammary glands of cows abundantly display receptors for circulating avian H5 viruses. J Virol, 2024Oct10:e0105224 reference

Butt, S.L., Nooruzzaman, M., Covaleda, L.M. & Diel, D.G. 2024. Hot topic: Influenza A H5N1 virus exhibits a broad host range, including dairy cows. JDS Commun, 5(Suppl 1): S13-S19. reference

Lang, J., Helke, D., Kuryshko, M. & Abdelwhab, E.M. 2024. Survivability of H5N1 Avian Influenza Virus in Homemade Yogurt, Cheese and Whey. Emerg Microbes Infect, 2024 Oct 22:2420731. reference

Lee, A.J., Carson, S., Reyne, M.I., Marshall, A., Moody, D., Allen, D.M., Allingham, P., et al. 2024. Wastewater monitoring of human and avian influenza A viruses in Northern Ireland: a genomic surveillance study. Lancet Microbe, 2024Oct9:100933. reference

Kaiser, F., Cardenas, S., Yinda, K.C., Mukesh, E., Ochwoto, M., Gallogly, S., Wickenhagen, A., et al. 2024. Environmental stability of HPAIV H5N1 in raw milk, wastewater and on surfaces. bioRxiv 2024.10.22.619662. reference [Preprint]

Kwon, T., Gebhardt, J.T., Lyoo, E.L., Nooruzzaman, M., Gaudreault, N.N., Morozov, I., Diel, D.G. & Richt, J.A. 2024. Bovine Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Stability and Inactivation in the Milk Byproduct Lactose. Viruses, 16(9):1451. reference

Caceres, C.J., Gay, L.C., Faccin, F.C., Regmi, D., Palomares, R. & Perez, D.R. 2024. Influenza A(H5N1) Virus Resilience in Milk after Thermal Inactivation. Emerg Infect Dis, 30(11). reference

Domestic

Bossers, A., de Rooij, M.M., van Schothorst, I., Velkers, F.C. & Smit, L.A. 2024. Detection of airborne wild waterbird-derived DNA demonstrates potential for transmission of avian influenza virus via air inlets into poultry houses, the Netherlands, 2021 to 2022. Euro Surveill, 29(40):2400350. reference

Gross, J., Volmer, R. & Bessière, P. 2024. High pathogenicity avian influenza virus emergence: Blame it on chickens or on humans raising chickens? PLoS Pathog, 20(10):e1012608. reference

Vergne, T., Paul, M.C., Guinat, C., Delpont, M., Hayes, B.H., Lambert, S., Vaillancourt, J.P. & Guérin, J.L. 2024. Highly pathogenic avian influenza management policy in domestic poultry: from reacting to preventing. Euro Surveill, 29(42):2400266. reference

Vagnozzi, A.E. 2024. Review of the Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Argentina in 2023: Chronicle of Its Emergence and Control in Poultry. Pathogens, 13(9):810. reference

Bin Aslam, H., Häsler, B., Iqbal, M., Yaqub, T. & Alarcon, P. 2024. Financial impact of low pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H9N2 on commercial broiler chicken and egg layer production systems in Pakistan. Prev Vet Med, 233:106346. reference

Munyua, P., Osoro, E., Jones, J., Njogu, G., Yang, G., Hunsperger, E., Szablewski, C.M., et al. 2024. Characterization of Avian Influenza Viruses Detected in Kenyan Live Bird Markets and Wild Bird Habitats Reveal Genetically Diverse Subtypes and High Proportion of A(H9N2), 2018-2020. Viruses, 16(9):1417. reference

Wild

Michalska-Smith, M., Clements, E., Rasmussen, E., Culhane, M.R. & Craft, M.E. 2024. Location, Age, and Antibodies Predict Avian Influenza Virus Shedding in Ring-Billed and Franklin's Gulls in Minnesota. Animals (Basel), 14(19):2781. reference

Lisovski, S., Günther, A., Dewar, M., Ainley, D., Aldunate, F., Arce, R., Ballard, G., et ai. 2024. Unexpected Delayed Incursion of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 (Clade 2.3.4.4b) Into the Antarctic Region. Influenza Other Respir Viruses, 18(10):e70010. reference

Klim, H., William, T., Mellors, J., Brady, C., Rajahram, G.S., Chua, T.H., Brazal Monzó, H., et al. 2024. Serological analysis in humans in Malaysian Borneo suggests prior exposure to H5 avian influenza near migratory shorebird habitats. Nat Commun, 15(1):8863. reference

Hsueh, C.S., Fasina, O., Piñeyro, P., Ruden, R., El-Gazzar, M.M. & Sato, Y. 2024. Histopathologic Features and Viral Antigen Distribution of H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Clade 2.3.4.4b from the 2022-2023 Outbreak in Iowa Wild Birds. Avian Dis, 68(3):272-281. reference

Alava, J.J., Tirapé, A., Denkinger, J., Calle, P., Rosero, R.P., Salazar, S., Fair, P.A. & Raverty, S. 2024. Endangered Galapagos sea lions and fur seals under the siege of lethal avian flu: a cautionary note on emerging infectious viruses in endemic pinnipeds of the Galapagos Islands. Front Vet Sci, 11:1457035. reference

Paz, M., Franco-Trecu, V., Szteren, D., Costábile, A., Portela, C., Bruno, A., Moratorio, G., Moreno, P. & Cristina, J. 2024. Understanding the emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus H5N1 in pinnipeds: An evolutionary approach. Virus Res, 350:199472. reference

Usui, T., Uno, Y., Tanaka, K., Tanikawa, T., Yamaguchi T. Susceptibility of Synanthropic Rodents (Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus and Rattus rattus) to H5N1 Subtype High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Viruses. Pathogens, 2024 Sep 5;13(9):764. reference

Other viruses

Ohlopkova, O.V., Goncharov, A.E., Aslanov, B.I., Fadeev, A.V., Davidyuk, Y.N., Moshkin, A.D., Stolbunova, K.A., et al. 2024. First detection of influenza A virus subtypes H1N1 and H3N8 in the Antarctic region: King George Island, 2023. Vopr Virusol, 69(4):377-389. reference

Song, X., Tian, J., Li, M., Bai, X., Zhao, Z., Shi, J., Zeng, X., et al. Epidemiology and Biological Characteristics of Influenza A (H4N6) Viruses from Wild Birds. Emerg Microbes Infect, 2024 Oct 17:2418909. reference

Wille, M., Broz, I., Cherrington, T., Crawley, A., Farrugia, B., Ford, M., Frost, M., et al. 2024. Contrasting dynamics of two incursions of low-pathogenicity avian influenza virus into Australia. Virus Evol, 10(1): veae076. reference

Khatun, M.N., Tasnim, S., Hossain, M.R., Rahman, M.Z., Hossain, M.T., Chowdhury, E.H. & Parvin, R. 2024. Molecular epidemiology of avian influenza viruses and avian coronaviruses in environmental samples from migratory bird inhabitants in Bangladesh. Front Vet Sci, 11:1446577 reference

Cueno, M.E., Kamio, N. & Imai, K. 2024. Avian influenza A H5N1 hemagglutinin protein models have distinct structural patterns re-occurring across the 1959-2023 strains. Biosystems, 246:105347. reference

Nooruzzaman, M., Mumu, T.T., Hossain, I., Kabiraj, C.K., Begum, J.A., Rahman, M.M., Ali, M.Z., et al. 2024. Continuing evolution of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses of clade 2.3.2.1a G2 genotype in domestic poultry of Bangladesh during 2018-2021. Avian Pathol, 2024 Oct 9:1-14. reference

Li, F., Sun, Z., Tao, M., Song, K., Wang, Z. & Ren, X. 2024. Epidemiological characterization of human infection with H5N6 avian influenza. Front Public Health, 12:1398365. reference

Elhusseiny, M.H., Elsayed, M.M., Mady, W.H., Mahana, O., Bakry, N.R., Abdelaziz, O., Arafa, A.S., Shahein, M.A., Eid, S. & Naguib, M.M. 2024. Genetic features of avian influenza (A/H5N8) clade 2.3.4.4b isolated from quail in Egypt. Virus Res, 350:199482. reference

Degtyarev, E., Feoktistova, S., Volchkov, P. & Deviatkin, A. 2024. Bottom of Form Complex Evolutionary Dynamics of H5N8 Influenza A Viruses Revealed by Comprehensive Reassortment Analysis. Viruses, 16(9):1405. reference

Ahrens, A.K., Pohlmann, A., Grund, C., Beer, M. & Harder, T.C. 2024. Out of the blue: Detection of a unique highly pathogenic avian influenza virus of subtype H7N5 in Germany. Emerg Microbes Infect, 2024 Oct 22:2420723. reference

Yuan, Z., Zhang, J., Jiang, D., Huang, G. & Qi, W.2024. Epidemiology and evolution of human-origin H10N5 influenza virus. One Health, 19:100893. reference

Assay

Snoeck, C.J., Sausy, A., Bourg, M. & Hübschen, J.M. 2024. Comparison of Extraction Methods for the Detection of Avian Influenza Virus RNA in Cattle Milk. Viruses, 2024 Sep 10;16(9):1442. reference

Chaves, M., Hashish, A., Osemeke, O., Sato, Y., Suarez, D.L. & El-Gazzar, M. 2024. Evaluation of Commercial RNA Extraction Protocols for Avian Influenza Virus Using Nanopore Metagenomic Sequencing. Viruses, 16(9):1429. reference

Sobhy, N.M., Muñoz, A.Q., Youssef, C.R.B. & Goyal, S.M. 2024. Comparative Inactivation of Three Different Subtypes of Avian Influenza Virus by Ozonized Water. Avian Dis, 68(3):225-230. reference

Assessment

Musa, E., Nia, Z.M., Bragazzi, N.L., Leung, D., Lee, N. & Kong, J.D. 2024. Avian Influenza: Lessons from Past Outbreaks and an Inventory of Data Sources, Mathematical and AI Models, and Early Warning Systems for Forecasting and Hotspot Detection to Tackle Ongoing Outbreaks. Healthcare (Basel), 12(19):1959. reference

Alberts, F., Berke, O., Maboni, G., Petukhova, T. & Poljak, Z. 2024. Utilizing machine learning and hemagglutinin sequences to identify likely hosts of influenza H3Nx viruses. Prev Vet Med, 233:106351. reference

Pittman Ratterree, D.C., Dass, S.C. & Ndeffo-Mbah, M.L. 2024. Mechanistic Models of Influenza Transmission in Commercial Swine Populations: A Systematic Review. Pathogens, 13(9):746. reference

FAO's support to countries

Global level

• FAO participated in the International Alliance for Biological Standardization (IABS) meeting on "Vaccination and Surveillance for High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza in poultry: Current Situation and Perspectives" held in Paris on 22-23 October 2024 and presented 'Cost benefit assessment of surveillance (affordable/sustainable, who pays)' [link]
• Webinar featuring 'Update on the origin, changing path and response to the 2022-2024 HPAI outbreak in the United States of America' was held on 26 September as a part of 'Progressive Management Pathway for Terrestrial Animal Biosecurity' (PMP-TAB) monthly webinar series, presented by Dr Julianna Lenoch, National Wildlife Disease Program, USDA APHIS Wildlife Services. [recording]
• OFFLU is conducting a stakeholder survey on its Avian Influenza Matching (AIM) for poultry vaccines project. Share your feedback here.
• OFFLU has provided with information on influenza in animals and participated in the WHO Information Meeting on the Composition of Influenza Virus Vaccines for Use in the 2025 Southern Hemisphere Influenza Season [link]. The report is available here.
• FAO organized the Global Conference on Animal Health Innovation, Reference Centres and Vaccines from 23 to 25 September at FAO Rome [link], the webcast is accessible [link].
• FAO, WOAH and OFFLU are participating WHO’s Tool for Influenza Pandemic Risk Assessment (TIPRA).
• FAO released Empres Watch - A(H5N1) influenza in dairy cattle in the United States of America. [link]

Regional/country level

• Americas
  
  • FAO presented “Biosecurity measures in populations at risk” at the webinar on epidemiological surveillance of HPAI organized by Organismo Internacional Regional de Sanidad Agropecuaria (OIRSA) on 19 September 2024.
  • FAO will collaborate in the workshop organized by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) on the genomics and bioinformatics of HPAI, which will be held in Santiago de Chile, from 7 to 18 October 2024.
  • FAO Emergency Center for Transboundary Animal Disease Control (ECTAD) at regional and country (Colombia, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Peru) levels are supporting activities to respond to HPAI outbreaks e.g. simulations exercises, HPAI diagnostic trainings, information materials.
  • FAO ECTAD Peru organized a Biosecurity Workshop from 19 to 21 August, covering biosecurity, biocustody, biocontainment, etc.
  • FAO conducted Surveillance Evaluation Tool (SET) mission in Honduras and El Salvador to develop national contingency plans under One Health approach (September/October).
  • Trainings on Laboratory Mapping Tool (LMT) has been conducted in Colombia [link], El Salvador (October) and Honduras (October/November). One health assessment tool training will be held in Peru (October).
  • Good Emergency Management Practice (GEMP) training also took place in Colombia [link] and Honduras [link].
  • In Guatemala, FAO and Animal Health Directorate conducted an HPAI simulation exercise in August 2024 [link].
  • FAO Outbreak Costing Tool (OutCosT) has been implemented in Bolivia, Chile and Panama to estimate the economic impact of HPAI outbreaks.
  • Currently, Bolivia, Dominican Republic (for prophylaxis; no outbreak reported), Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Peru and Uruguay are using vaccines to prevent and/or control HPAI, while some other countries are evaluating implementation.

• Africa
  • In Cameroon, following the notification of HPAI in Gabon, ECTAD Cameroon supported Veterinary Services to conduct active surveillance in the South Region bordering Gabon from 9 to 18 September 2024. The investigation aimed to assess the risk of introducing and spillover of avian influenza virus from Gabon. ECTAD Cameroon to support LANAVET (Laboratoire National Vétérinaire) in conducting active surveillance at the end of October 2024 in North, Far North and West Regions.
  • Ghana has recorded 13 H5N1 outbreaks in 4 out of 16 regions, namely Eastern, Greater Accra, Western and Volta regions since 10 January 2024 to date. Active surveillance for avian influenza was conducted with support from the Ghana One Health team resulted in 3 regions reporting H5 and 13 regions reporting H9 i.e. all the regions except North East, Northern and Savannah regions recorded H9. FAO ECTAD Ghana in collaboration with Veterinary Service Directorate (VSD) of the Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MOFA) organised an online course on Farm Biosecurity and One health (FBOH) for 529 veterinary paraprofessionals (VPPs) through the FAO virtual learning centre (VLC)-West Africa.
  • In Somalia, FAO has trained 80 Community Animal Health Workers (CAHWs) in community-based surveillance and disease reporting to strengthen their ability to detect poultry diseases, provide timely reports, and contribute to early warning systems.
  • FAO Zimbabwe, with support from the Fleming Fund and Multi-partner Trust Fund projects, has been implementing Broiler Farmer Field Schools (FFS) in eight districts to prevent major poultry diseases on farms. This comprehensive and proactive approach emphasizes core biosecurity measures, disease prevention practices, and focused efforts for the rationale use of antimicrobials, promoting healthier, more resilient poultry farming systems; the activity is being expanded to four additional districts. National guidelines on biosafety and biosecurity, a training manual on biosafety and biosecurity, and National Veterinary Waste Management Guidelines were also developed.
  • FAO ECTAD WCA supported specimen transport to FAO Reference Centre (IZSVe), where complete genome sequencing has been performed. Results from genomic characterization of H5N1 viruses from Benin, Burkina Faso and Guinea indicated the persistent circulation in West Africa of clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 viruses belonging to two distinct genotypes: genotype EA-2020-C (identified in Benin and Burkina Faso; Fusaro et al., 2023), originally introduced into the region from Europe at the beginning of 2021, and the EA-2020-C/H9N2 reassortant strain (identified in Guinea), which emerged in West Africa in 2021 (Ouba et al., 2022). This finding suggest that these two variants continue to circulate and evolve in an unknown and unsampled hosts and locations. In 2024, introduction of a novel 2.3.4.4b H5N1 reassortant virus, containing six genes clustering with H5N1 viruses from East and South Europe, and two genes originating from reassortment events with Eurasian LPAI viruses, has been identified. Based on the data available, this novel genotype has been detected only in West Africa (Benin and Nigeria) globally to date. In addition, influenza A(H9N2) lineage G5.5 (Fusaro et al., 2024) viruses were also detected in Guinea, which cluster with H9N2 viruses previously detected in poultry in West Africa in 2021.

• North Africa and Middle East
• FAO ECTAD Egypt in the Regional office for Near East and North Africa (RNE) is supporting the implementation of the targeted risk-based surveillance plan for 2024 to understand the prevalence of Avian Influenza sub-types currently circulating in Egypt and to detect incursion of new subtypes as early as possible. A Consultative meeting was held in Cairo brought together governmental and international organizations representatives to discuss the global situation, the risk related to the recent finding on avian influenza H5N1 infection in dairy cows and the required way forward for the preparedness and response measures required to face the current situation of H5N1 influenza in Dairy Cows.

• Asia and the Pacific
• FAO ECTAD in the Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (RAP) organized a quarterly influenza coordination call on 17 October 2024 with ECTAD countries in Asia and the Pacific to discuss progress and challenges around avian influenza surveillance in the region.
• FAO ECTAD RAP provided a webinar on Field detection and new technologies: Asian perspective and regional cross-fertilization [link].
• FAO ECTAD Indonesia and Directorate of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture will conduct Joint Risk Assessment of HPAI H5N1 in Sukabumi District, West Java Province in October 2024.
• FAO ECTAD Indonesia in collaboration with Directorate of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture, is developing the Avian Influenza National Surveillance Technical Guidelines. This guideline will be a reference document for all Animal Health Laboratory in Indonesia in conducting Avian Influenza surveillance both in domestic animal and wild bird populations.
• FAO ECTAD Lao supports the avian influenza surveillance at live bird markets in six provinces scheduled to resume in November. Implemented by the National Animal Health Laboratory under the Department of Livestock and Fisheries of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, this initiative aims to strengthen disease monitoring and biosecurity measures for avian influenza in Lao People’s Democratic Republic.
• FAO ECTAD Nepal has initiated a bio-surveillance program in September 2024 where samples from 16 districts of Nepal will be collected and tested. Sample collections as per the avian influenza bio-surveillance have been completed and will be tested soon. A handbook on biosecurity and prudent use of antibiotics in poultry farming – 2 500 copies were printed. Around 1 000 pcs have been distributed through different FAO and government trainings and awareness programs and remaining copies will be distributed in the coming weeks. Revised version of Manual for recognition and reporting of Transboundary Animal Disease is published – 5 000 copies published. A total of 560 books has been distributed to field practicing veterinarians and paraprofessionals to support the recognition of different animal diseases including avian influenza diagnosis and remaining copies will be distributed in coming weeks.
• FAO ECTAD Viet Nam support Department of animal health to conduct field and laboratory investigation of H5N1 outbreaks in captive tiger, lion and leopard in Long An and Dong Nai provinces. Laboratory experts from Institute Pasteur Cambodia (IPC) visited National Veterinary Diagnostic Center in Ha Noi from 14 to 17 October 2024 to provide training on third generation sequencing using the samples collected from the affected animals. Initial results showed that the virus contains the surface proteins from clade 2.3.2.1, but internal genes from a more recent clade 2.3.4.4 virus, similar to other outbreaks in Cambodia, Lao PDR and Viet Nam. Field investigation is planned from 24 to 25 October to collect epidemiology data and additional samples from the outbreak sites and surrounding communities.

• Europe and Central Asia
• The Outbreak Costing Tool (OutCosT) to estimate the cost of outbreaks and their control is being adapted to poultry diseases and is being validated with real HPAI outbreak data from countries in three continents. The results will be shared in due course.
• FAO Virtual Learning Center (VLC) is currently delivering a 4-week tutored course on avian influenza preparedness in English. In total, 375 participants, both nominated by the veterinary services and self-registered based on their interest are taking part of the course, which will end in November 2024. In addition, the course has been certified with credits towards continuous professional development through the Veterinary Continuing Education in Europe (VetCEE).
• The Second Standing Group of Experts on Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (SGE HPAI-2) took place on 30 September 2024 as a side event of the 31st Conference of the Regional Commission for Europe [link] took place in Samarkand, Uzbekistan. The meeting reviewed the global and regional epidemiological situation on avian influenza, best practices in surveillance and vaccination, and discussed the future strategy on controlling the disease in Europe. The recommendations of the SGE HPAI-2 will be published in the GF-TADs website for Europe.

Recommendations for affected countries and those at risk

FAO recommends intensified surveillance and awareness raising by national authorities.

General recommendations
It is important to report sick or dead birds – both wild birds and poultry - or wild mammals to local authorities (veterinary services, public health officials, community leaders etc.). These should be tested for avian influenza viruses.

Recommendations to poultry producers
Farmers and poultry producers should step up their biosecurity measures in order to prevent potential virus introduction from wild birds or their faeces.

Recommendations to hunters
Hunting associations and wildlife authorities should be aware that avian influenza viruses might be present in waterfowl and some other species hunted and that hunting, handling and dressing of shot game carries the risk of spreading avian influenza viruses to susceptible poultry.

Recommendations to national authorities
Increase surveillance efforts for the early detection of influenza viruses in poultry and dead wild species including certain mammals.

For full recommendations including non-avian species please see [link].

Important links

• The list of wild bird and mammalian species which have been infected with H5Nx HPAI [link]
• FAO/WHO/WOAH Updated joint assessment of recent influenza A(H5N1) virus events in animals and people
• FAO EMPRES Watch - A(H5N1) influenza in dairy cattle in the United States of America [link].
• GF-TADs Global strategy for the prevention and control of highly pathogenic avian influenza (2024-2033). In brief
• Scientific Task Force on Avian Influenza and Wild Birds H5N1 High pathogenicity avian influenza in wild birds - Unprecedented conservation impacts and urgent needs
• EFSA Avian influenza overview June–September 2024, Bird Flu Rader and Migration Mapping Tool
• ECOWAS, FAO, USAID Report on the Regional Consultative Meeting on the Prevention and Control of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) in West Africa. Accra, Ghana, 30 May – 2 June 2023
• OFFLU website
• OFFLU Diagnostic guidance: HPAI dairy cattle
• OFFLU Avian influenza matching (OFFLU-AIM) report & AIM webinar
• OFFLU summary report from the WHO vaccine composition meeting - 27 September 2024
• FAO HPAI website [NEW]
• FAO Preliminary rapid risk assessment of foodborne avian influenza A (H5N1) virus
• FAO Carcass management guidelines
• FAO Guidelines for veterinary laboratory testing protocols for priority zoonotic diseases in Africa
• WHO Influenza at the human-animal interface summary and assessment, 27 September 2024
• WHO Public health resource pack for countries experiencing outbreaks of influenza in animals

Updates on avian influenza infection in dairy cattle have been shared by USDA, US CDC and US FDA through the following sites:

• USDA Detections of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) in Livestock
• USDA HPAI H5N1 Genotype B3.13 in Dairy Cattle: National Epidemiologic Brief (23/08/2024)
• CDC H5 Bird Flu: Current Situation
• US FDA Updates on Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI)

Disclaimer

Information provided herein is current as of the date of issue. Information added or changed since the last Global AIV with Zoonotic Potential situation update appears in orange. Human cases are depicted in the geographic location of their report. For some cases, exposure may have occurred in one geographic location but reported in another. For cases with unknown onset date, reporting date was used instead. FAO compiles information drawn from multiple national (Ministries of Agriculture or Livestock, Ministries of Health, Provincial Government websites; Centers for Disease Prevention and Control [CDC]) and international sources (World Health Organization [WHO], World Organisation for Animal Health [WOAH]), as well as peer reviewed scientific articles. FAO makes every effort to ensure, but does not guarantee, accuracy, completeness or authenticity of the information. The designation employed and the presentation of material on the map do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of FAO concerning the legal or constitutional status of any country, territory or sea area, or concerning the delimitation of frontiers.